Elaboration of a Specification

The first stage of the methodology is the elaboration of a specification. Informally, a specification of a procedure is a statement describing the problem that is to be implemented, as well as how to correctly use the resulting procedure. We here restrict the focus to side-effect-free problems. 

Definition 4-1 A specification of a procedure for predicate r//i, denoted Spec r), is composed of a procedure declaration, a type declaration for each parameter, a set of restrictions on parameters, a set of directionalities, and a relation definition. 

We present the involved components only by means of a few sample specifications. 

---

Secretion 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU]... 

From the synthetic viewpoint, a particularly interesting trifluoroacetylation reaction of simple vinyl ethers was reported first by Hojo et al in 1976 [73] The scope and limitation of this particular reaction were elaborated intensively, the reaction proved to be of general applicability with practically no restrictions on substituents of the vinyl ether moiety 9] (equation 34) This general validity is particularly beneficial because a trifluoroacetylated vinyl ether is the synthetic equivalent of a specifically protected tnfluoromethyl-substituted 1,3-dicarbonyl compound 19], thus the reaction provides access to a broad spectrum of variously substituted synthetic building blocks with selective reactivities on each carbon acceptor (a) and donor (d) center (equation 35) Obviously, such building blocks can react as heterodiene systems m cycloaddition reactions [< 74] or can be treated with a wide variety ot 1,2 or 1 3-dinucleophihc species to give any desired tnfluoromethyl-substituted carbocychc or heterocyclic system [8 75] Treatment of simple vinyl ethers with an excess of trifluoroacetic anhydride at elevated temperature leads to doubly acylated products [76] Comparable acylation reactions occur with vinyl thioethers [73], and the mesoiomc l,3-oxathiol-4-ones show, at least in a formal sense, similar behavior [77] (equation 36)... 

Microbial production of secondary metabolites is also an important source of novel therapeutic agents. However, the physiological and biochemical factors that determine the onset of production of a specific secondary metabolite in a particular species are incompletely understood. Generally, a range of analytical techniques, often elaborate, time-consuming and involving extensive sample pre-treatment, have to be developed in order to monitor the details of the metabolic changes and substrate consumption that accompany secondary metabolite production. In order to provide rapid multi-parametric information about the microbial fermentation process, H HPLC-NMR has been applied to characterise microbial metabolites directly in the broth supernatants from a... 

Statistical Rely on the assumption that amino acids have intrinsic propensities for formation of a specific type of secondary structure. This information is collected by analysis of proteins with known tertiary structure and is done using simple statistical principles (Chou and Fasman, 1974) or more elaborate ones like information theory (Gamier et al., 1978). 

Episodes of airway obstruction or bronchoconstriction may be induced in asthmatics by exposure to stimuli to which they are sensitized, such as inhalation of a specific pollen or house dust mite, or exposure to an occupational stimulus, e.g., red cedar dust [47]. Binding of antigen (e.g., pollen) to specific receptors (antibodies) on the surface of an inflammatory cell (e.g., mast cell) results in the elaboration of prestored mediators, such as histamine, and in the synthesis of newly formed mediators, such as arachidonic acid metabolites (e.g., prostaglandins and leukotrienes). Cellular sources of the various mediators are shown in Table 3. Cytokines and chemokines are proteins that participate in pulmonary immune and inflammatory responses. While important, these have not been subjected to discussion in this chapter because these fields are changing very... 

Analogical reasoning allows the individual to map the current experience onto a template that has been derived from previous experiences. This template develops as part of the elaboration knowledge of the schema. The abstractions that are part of the schema make up a basic part of this template, and the individual either consciously or unconsciously will attempt to match each of these with some aspect of the current experience. If the abstractions are not well developed, some or all of the mappings may occur between the memory of a specific previous problem, rather than the more general abstract details, and the current problem. 

Various studies (Jll) of the incorporation of D-[6- C] ucose, L-[i C]lysine, and [ °S]sulfate into the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan of chick embryonic cartilage show that the carbohydrate and protein moieties are synthesized at different relative rates. Furdier approaches to the order of biosynthesis of the proteoglycan moieties have been made (e.g., B17, M13, M16, 06 see also Section 5, p. 36) by a comparison of their rates of formation in the presence of a specific inhibitor of the biosynthesis of one of them, and all the observations accord with protein synthesis preceding polysaccharide elaboration. 

---