Efficiency of processes

Cooling tower blowdown can be reduced by improving the energy efficiency of processes, thus reducing the thermal load on cooling towers. Alternatively, cooling water systems can be switched to air coolers, which eliminates the problem altogether. 

The selection of suitable profiles improves the efficiency of processing on pocketing machines. Experience has shown, that even with an optimum machine adjustment, the pocketing material by its profile design and the strict adherence to tolerances contributes essentially to the quantity and quality of the pockets produced. 

The purpose here is to check the efficiency of process control and regulation loops critical to the process. 

The method proved to be a useful tool for optimising design of grinding systems, and can be applied as a decision aid for process engineers to improve the efficiency of processes and maintaining the quality required for the particular products. 

In this chapter, we will focus on the sustainability and efficiency of processes, and show that what seems or is meant to be green not always turns out to be green, sometimes against our intuition. As is common in this book, thermodynamics and some of its most relevant concepts will be used to analyze claims on the achievements of a process or route. The claim will be made that a product or process can only be called "green" after a proper assessment has been made. Often, such an assessment has necessarily a multidisciplinary character with contributions from disciplines with which we may be less familiar. 

Increasing the efficiency of processes will be of utmost importance in the transition period, as well as in the solar age since high-efficiency processes will allow for more to be done with less. For example, it is attractive to use only one solar panel rather than three to get a certain task done. The efficient use of resources will therefore remain important. Undoubtedly, a new type of economics will arise that can accurately quantify and analyze projects leading to sustainable development and accurately inform the consumer of the costs as well. 

Sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate are alternative sources of alkali, and their use has followed the availability of raw materials as well as the efficiency of processes developed for their production. Both require sodium chloride and energy and, if limestone deposits are also available, sodium carbonate may be produced by the Solvay process. Limestone consists mainly of calcium carbonate and can be used to produce calcium oxide (or quicklime) and calcium hydroxide (or slaked lime) the oxide may be obtained by heating (1,200-1,500°C, or 2,192—2,732°F) limestone, while the hydroxide, which is more convenient to handle, is obtained by adding water to the oxide... 

De Nevers, N., and Seader, J. D., "Thermodynamic Lost Work and Thermodynamic Efficiencies of Processes," AIChE National Meeting, Houston, TX, April (1979). 

ISO 14698-3 Biocontamination control—Methodology for measuring the efficiency of processes of cleaning and/or disinfection of inert surfaces bearing biocontaminated wet soiling or biofilms. 

In the synthetically attractive field of electron transfer catalysis (ETC) [2, 91], ESR data of radical intermediates can correlate with the variable efficiency of processes such as the ETC-catalyzed substitution (9) by substantiating the amount of ligand-to-metal electron transfer in the ground state [87]. 

The fact that radiation possesses entropy imposes additional constraints on the possible changes in a material system interacting with light. These constraints determine, in particular, the efficiency of processes involving the utilization of radiant energy. 

Anisidine Value. Anisidine value is a measure of secondary oxidation or the past history of an oil. It is useful in determining the quahty of crude oils and the efficiency of processing procedures, but it is not suitable for the detection of oil oxidation or the evaluation of an oil that has been hydrogenated. AOCS Method Cd 18-90 has been standardized for anisidine value analysis (103). The analysis is based on the color reaction of anisidine and unsaturated aldehydes. An anisidine value of less than ten has been recommended for oils upon receipt and after processing (94). Inherent Oxidative Stability. The unsaturated fatty acids in all fats and oils are subject to oxidation, a chemical reaction that occurs with exposure to air. The eventual result is the development of an objectionable flavor and odor. The double bonds contained in the unsaturated fatty acids are the sites of this chemical activity. An oil s oxidation rate is roughly proportional to the degree of unsaturation for example, linolenic fatty acid (C18 3), with three double bonds, is more susceptible to oxidation than linoleic (C18 2), with only two double bonds, but it is ten times as susceptible as oleic (C18 l), with only one double bond. The relative reaction rates with oxygen for the three most prevelent unsaturated fatty acids in edible oils are ... 

Energy usage since 1990 the energy efficiency of processes for the production of industrial gases had improved 6%, and the annual energy consumption was between 8 and 9TWh. 

Thetmodyoamic Efficiencies of Processes," AIChE National Meeting, Houston. TX. April 1979. 

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