Effects connected with

In supercapacitors, apart from the electrostatic attraction of ions in the electrode/electrolyte interface, which is strongly affected by the electrochemically available surface area, pseudocapacitance effects connected with faradaic reactions take place. Pseudocapacitance may be realized through carbon modification by conducting polymers [4-7], transition metal oxides [8-10] and special doping via the presence of heteroatoms, e.g. oxygen and/or nitrogen [11, 12]. 

The origin of specific microwave effects is twofold - those which are not purely thermal and a special thermal effect connected with possible intervention of hot spots . 

Although the term SCM first appeared in 1982, several effects connected with SCM were investigated long before then. From systems theory it is well known that the behavior of complex systems is more than the sum of its components and therefore cannot be understood solely by the analysis of its parts. 

The environmental standards based on total heavy metal concentration in the soil solution seem the most important criterion for the exposition of further compartments of the environment. The additional effects connected with metal speciation and complexations were not considered in the study. 

Of considerable interest is the fact that not only the steady-state anisotropy but also its kinetics depend on the excitation wavelength. In this case another red-edge effect connected with site photoselection may be observed. Dipole-orientational relaxation may occur not only by rotation of the dipoles surrounding the fluorophore but also by rotation of the aromatic group itself. If red-edge excitation results in the photoselection of fluorophores whose energy of interaction with the environment already corresponds to that in the excited state, then the relaxation-associated rotation should not be observed and the rotation that occurs should be completely Brownian in character.(22)... 

Several factors have been invoked to explain the aqueous rate acceleration aggregation of the reactants leading to micellar catalysis, effects connected with the internal pressure of the solvent, polarity of the solvent, H-bonding interactions with the solvent, and hydrophobic interactions (A y < 0). The initial literature was rather controversial, and there was a strong need for a systematic study using physical-organic techniques. 

Several effects connected with complexing in the mercury system are worthy of special note ... 

The effects connected with the electron vacuum polarization contributions in muonic atoms were first quantitatively discussed in [4]. In electronic hydrogen polarization loops of other leptons and hadrons considered in Subsect. 3.2.5 played a relatively minor role, because they were additionally suppressed by the typical factors (mg/m). In the case of muonic hydrogen we have to deal with the polarization loops of the light electron, which are not suppressed at all. Moreover, characteristic exchange momenta mZa in muonic atoms are not small in comparison with the electron mass rUg, which determines the momentum scale of the polarization insertions m Za)jme 1.5). We see that even in the simplest case the polarization loops cannot be expanded in the exchange momenta, and the radiative corrections in muonic atoms induced by the electron loops should be calculated exactly in the parameter m Za)/me-... 

There will be no isotopic effect connected with the differences in zero-point eneigy because the bonds broken are the same in each sequence. Hence, the predicted result is... 

The heat effect, connected with the formation of the complex ion from the molecule and a free ion, is therefore... 

One of the most obvious examples is strong deshielding of the a-protons in the series pyridine (8 8.29 ppm), phosphabenzene (8.61), arsabenzene (9.68), stibabenzene (10.94), and bismabenzene (13.25), although other data unambiguously point to a falling off of the aromaticity in this sequence. Here the contribution by crAringcurr is mostly obscured by local effects connecting with nonuniform distribution of the electron density and by the anisotropy of the heavier heteroatoms. 

Although all physical processes are, of course, of limited duration there are many situations in which this limitation is not of practical interest. When studying the noise in an electronic device one normally is not interested in effects connected with the switching on and off. A description in which the duration does not enter is then simpler and more appropriate. One is thus led to examining sets of dots whose density does not tend to zero for t - + oo. Such sets cannot be described in terms of the Qs, because the normalization condition (1.3) requires Qs to vanish at infinity. It is true that this shortcoming can be overcome by introducing a fictitious long time interval T, but that burdens the equations with an irrelevant quantity. The description in terms of the / , however, carries over without additional artifice. 

These results show evidence for not simple two-magnon nature of the band at -730 cm"1. Perhaps possible effects connected with the interaction between spin excitations and collective motion of charge domain-walls21,37 are necessary to be taken into account. 

Protonated DMAN-s are, therefore, the subject of particular interest in this short review from the point of view of the potential for proton motion. In addition, this potential is reflected in various properties such as vibrational and NMR spectra and particularly the isotope 1H/2H effects connected with them. 

At the same time, the above mentioned chain-like structure leads to the fact that different parts of polymer molecules fluctuating in space cannot go through each other without chain rupture. For the system of non-phantom closed chains, this fact means that only those space conformations that can be transformed continuously into one another are available (see Fig. 1). The adequate mathematical language for description of those physical effects is elaborated in the mathematical discipline called topology. That is why we also call the effects connected with chain uncrossability the topological constraints. 

Several theories have been developed to explain how energy absorbed by one molecule is transferred to a second acceptor molecule of the same or a different species. At first sight exciton theory,20 66 which accounts for excitation transfer in molecular aggregates or crystals and the Davydov splitting effects connected with it, appears to bear little relationship to the treatment of long-range resonance transfer as developed, for example, by Forster.81-32 However, these theories can be shown to arise from the same general considerations treated at different well-defined mathematical limits.33-79... 

The calorimetric measurements in metal oxide-aqueous electrolyte solution systems are, beside temperature dependence of the pzc measurements, the method for the determination of the enthalpy of the reaction in this system. Because of the low temperature effects in such systems they demand very high precision. That is why these measurements may be found only in a few papers from the last ten years [89-98]. A predominant number of published measurements were made in the special constricted calorimeters (bath type), stirring the suspension. The flow calorimeters may be used only for sufficiently large particles of the solid. A separate problem is the calculation of the enthalpy of the respective reactions from the total heat recorded in the calorimeter. A total thermal effect consists of the heat of the neutralization in the liquid phase, heat connected with wetting of the solid, heat of the surface reaction and heat effects caused by the ion solvation changes (the ions that adsorb in the edl). Considering the soluble oxides, one should include the effects connected with the transportation of the ions from the solid to the solution... 

At heating samples PETP on thermogramms the thermal effects, connected with the fusion crystallites, were fixed. On curves DTA modified PETP - fibers it is visible, that at them the breadth of peak of fusion is more, than at initial PETP. 

Determining the molecular sites of action of bioactive medicinal plant constituents is clearly important for establishing the chemical and physiological basis for herbal medicinal efficacy, for quality control of commercial herbal preparations and for the discovery of lead compounds for synthetic (or semi-synthetic) pharmaceutical development. Of course, it must be recognized that medicinal plant efficacy may derive from complex synergistic effects or even from quasi-placebo effects connected with the taste, mild effects and appearance of the preparation. While recognizing these possible holistic complications, in order to find out how such preparations work, it is clearly important to initially isolate, structurally characterize and define the biochemical targets of plant bioactive substances. 

The problem of making significant dielectric constant measurements in these ranges is to separate the relaxation effects of the ionic atmosphere around the ions (Chapter 3) from effects connected with ion-solvent interactions. At low concentrations (< 0.01 mol dm" ), the former effects are less important, but at such concentrations the decrements in the dielectric constant are too small for accurate measurement. Theoretical work makes it clear that a series of measurements over a large range of frequencies (e.g., 1 Hz to 1 GHz) are needed to separate dielectric effects from those due to relaxation of the ionic atmosphere. 

The mobile-phone culture has spread rapidly and possible effects connected with its use may still be underestimated (26). 

Sometimes, however, the term polar effect is taken to refer to the influence, other than steric, that noncon-jugated substituents exert on reaction rates, i.e., effects connected with electron delocalization between a substituent and the molecular framework to which it is... 

Experimental determination of phase diagrams is convenient by using the thermal analysis method at which the temperature of the investigated sample is registered at its cooling by a constant rate of 2-5°C/min. Due to the thermal effects connected with the phase transformations (crystallization, polymorphic transformation), breaks appear on the cooling... 

In the case, when the melt reacts with the glass, as for instance the molten alkali metal hydroxides, a suspended cup method (Figure 4.8c) was developed by Aghai-Khafri et al. (1976). Inside the pyrex or quartz liner, a cylindrical silver crucible contained the liquid hydroxide B while the salt or hydroxide A is contained in a small silver cup. This silver cup is held by tongs and could be released by external manipulation of the tongs. The mixing of the two liquids occurs by dropping the silver cup into the crucible. However, the thermal effect connected with the drop of the cup into the liquid A is very small and reproducible. 

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