Effective speed

Changing a size 400 system to a size 50 system, for example, effectively speeds-up the decay into a plane wave state but otherwise leaves the period unchanged. Likewise, although patterns starting from two different initial states consisting of either 10 or 20 randomly positioned nonzero sites typically have different appearances, the periodicity of the resulting global structures is exactly the same. 

The speed and capability of the modem computer are revolutionizing the practice of chemical engineering. Advances in speed and memory size and improvements in complex problem-solving ability are more than doubling the effective speed of the computer each year. This umelenting pace of advance has reached the stage where it profoundly alters the way in which chemical engineers can conceptualize problems and approach solutions. For example ... 

These hydrophobic ammonium ions exert a medium effect on spontaneous, unimolecular reactions. Tri-n-octylmethylammonium chloride effectively speeds decarboxylation of 5-nitrobenzisoxazole carboxylate ion (24) (Kunitake et al., 1980), and tri-n-octyl ethylammonium mesylate or bromide... 

Tetraalkyl titanates are the most commonly used catalysts for PBT polymerization [8], The varieties of titanates include tetraisopropyl titanate (TPT), tetrabutyl titanate (TBT) and tetra(2-ethylhexyl) titanate (TOT). Titanates effectively speed the reaction rate with few detrimental effects on the resin. Alkoxy zirconium and tin compounds, as well as other metal alkoxides, may also be used in PBT polymerization. 

Most Intensification treatments accelerate development as well as increase the effective speed of the photographic material. The gold Intensification is especially notable in this respect, and is of interest in relation to the mechanism of development. A simple motion picture positive film responds well to the gold treatment, which consists simply in bathing the exposed film for a few minutes in a solution containing the aurous thiocyanate complex in the presence of excess thiocyanate and bromide ions. Figure 7 shows the developed densities for several... 

Another approach to improve the effective speed of the second-dimension separation is the use of an array of second-dimension columns, used in parallel [10,11,15,24,25,45,47,52-55,57], especially with 1.5 J,m i.d. pellicular columns [10,15,54,55,58]. This approach is more complicated due to the fact that different columns are rarely identical, and it is critical to achieve precision of retention time in consecutive second-dimension separation containing the same analyte peak. 

As discussed by Fuchs and Sutugin (1970, 1971) and Motz and Wise (1960), in this continuous regime, distortion of the Boltzmann velocity distribution in the region close to the surface occurs if there is rapid uptake. In effect, the normal thermal velocity distribution is distorted so that the effective speed toward the surface is higher. In the case of a surface where the uptake occurs on every collision, the net speed toward the surface is effectively doubled. This adds an additional term to the rate of transfer of the gas to the surface, which when normalized using Eq. (PP), gives an additional resistance term of -1 /2. The overall normalized conductance is therefore given by... 

Air is removed from a chamber at 5.1 mbar using a pump with an inlet speed of 100 m3 hr1. If the pipework is 10 m x DN63, confirm that the flow is viscous, laminar and calculate the effective speed of the pump at the chamber. 

A vessel containing air at 30 mbar and 20 °C is evacuated through a DN10 pipe of 1 m length using an 18 m3 hr1 pump. What is the effective speed of the pump ... 

The pressure achievable in a vacuum system depends on the effective speed of the pumps and the total gas load in the system. In Chapter 4, the usual sources of gas (leaks, outgassing, permeation) were reviewed. At the outset, terms associated with gas leakage were discussed. It can be described by the equations of flow described in Chapter 2 and quantified... 

If the contaminating gases are condensible, the effective speed of evacuation can be increased by the use of cold traps. The effectiveness of a cold trap will depend on its effective area and on the shape of the connecting tubing while the temperature of the trap will determine which gases will be condensed. 

When glucose releases energy in the muscles, a small amount of hydrogen peroxide is sometimes formed as a by-product, which can damage the body. The blood contains an enzyme called catalase which effectively speeds up the decomposition of the hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen, rendering it harmless ... 

Let us now consider the flow [Eq. (22)] with B = 0—that is, the stationary case. The problem addressed here is the dependence of the effective speed Vf on the flow intensity, U, and the bare velocity, vq, that is expected of the form [39]... 

Beside a maximal transmission speed in GSM a rate of transmitted samples (contained measurement results) is very important as well. In our experiment packets (each file containts one 2-byte sample) were transmitted with an effective speed of 2640 b/s using GPRD or HSCSD technology. However, if we transmitted packets consist 1000 samples each the effective speed was 10 times higher, up to 26 kb/s This data mean that single samples from measurement were transmitted in a live mode with a rate of 55 S/s (samples per second) but packets with 1000 samples were transmitted with a rate of 1600 S/s. (Mackowski, 2008). 

Here ceff represents the effective speed of sound, c0 is the actual speed of sound in free space, y is the specific heat ratio, and kt is the isothermal compressibility of the fluid. A fraction of shell volume occupied by tubes, solidity o can be easily calculated for a given tube pattern. For example, o = 0.9069(d lp,)2 for an equilateral triangular tube layout, and o = 0.7853(d /p,)2 for a square layout. Coefficients a, are the dimensionless sound frequency parameters associated with the fundamental diametrical acoustic mode of a cylindrical volume. For the fundamental mode al = 1.841, and, for the second mode, a2 = 3.054 [122],... 

Some biological roles of auxins. The involvement of other hormones is indicated as (+) if the hormone has the same effect as auxin and (-) if it inhibits the auxin effect. Speed of response rapid (R), occurs in less than 1 hr intermediate (I), 1-24 hours slow (S), > 1 day. 

For example, cationic micelles effectively speed reactions involving nucleophilic anions, e.g., OH , but cations such as (5) and (6) are completely ineffective in this regard. Thus the high charge density of ionic micelles allows them to bind hydrophilic counterions, whereas single hydrophobic cations, or small clusters of them, do not have this ability. 

Nitrous oxide is very insoluble in blood and other tissues (Table 13-1). This results in rapid equilibration between delivered and alveolar anesthetic concentrations and provides for rapid induction of anesthesia and rapid emergence following discontinuation of administration. The rapid uptake of N2O from alveolar gas serves to concentrate coadministered halogenated anesthetics this effect (the second gas effect ) speeds induction of anesthesia. On discontinuation of administration, nitrous oxide gas can diffuse from blood to the alveoli, diluting Oj in the lung. This can produce an effect called diffusional hypoxia. To avoid hypoxia, 100% Oj rather than air should be administered when N O is discontinued. 

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