Effect-related characteristics

High porosity carbons ranging from typically microporous solids of narrow pore size distribution to materials with over 30% of mesopore contribution were produced by the treatment of various polymeric-type (coal) and carbonaceous (mesophase, semi-cokes, commercial active carbon) precursors with an excess of KOH. The effects related to parent material nature, KOH/precursor ratio and reaction temperature and time on the porosity characteristics and surface chemistry is described. The results are discussed in terms of suitability of produced carbons as an electrode material in electric double-layer capacitors. 

Another aspect of matching output to user needs involves presentation of results in a statistical framework—namely, as frequency distributions of concentrations. The output of deterministic models is not directly suited to this task, because it provides a single sample point for each run. Analytic linkages can be made between observed frequency distributions and computed model results. The model output for a particular set of meteorologic conditions can be on the frequency distribution of each station for which observations are available in sufficient sample size. If the model is validated for several different points on the frequency distribution based on today s estimated emission, it can be used to fit a distribution for cases of forecast emission. The fit can be made by relating characteristics of the distribution with a specific set of model predictions. For example, the distribution could be assumed to be log-normal, with a mean and standard deviation each determined by its own function of output concentrations computed for a standardized set of meteorologic conditions. This, in turn, can be linked to some effect on people or property that is defined in terms of the predicted concentration statistics. The diagram below illustrates this process ... 

Cross-sectional smdies (surveys) These examine the relationship between a disease or other health-related characteristic in a population at a given time. The presence or absence (or the level) of a characteristic is examined in each member of the smdy population or in a representative sample. These smdies are used to obtain information not routinely available from surveillance or case series. Cross-sectional studies provide no information on the temporal sequence of cause and effect. In surveys examining the association between an exposure and an outcome, both are measured at the same time and it is often hard to determine whether the exposure preceded the outcome or vice versa. In general, surveys measure the simation at a given moment (prevalence) rather than the occurrence of new events (incidence). 

Material response is typically studied using either direct (constant) applied voltage (DC) or alternating applied voltage (AC). The AC response as a function of frequency is characteristic of a material. In the future, such electric spectra may be used as a product identification tool, much like IR spectroscopy. Factors such as current strength, duration of measurement, specimen shape, temperature, and applied pressure affect the electric responses of materials. The response may be delayed because of a number of factors including the interaction between polymer chains, the presence within the chain of specific molecular groupings, and effects related to interactions in the specific atoms themselves. A number of properties, such as relaxation time, power loss, dissipation factor, and power factor are measures of this lag. The movement of dipoles (related to the dipole polarization (P) within a polymer can be divided into two types an orientation polarization (P ) and a dislocation or induced polarization. 

Some volume effects related to the beam characteristics, geometry, or technical conditions... 

In the course of clinical treatment with methadone, certain situations relating to adverse effects are characteristic. Nausea is a general opiate effect, but complaints most frequently relate to the methadone mixture. This preparation does have a syrupy consistency, but the problem for clinicians is that the alternatives - sugar-free mixture or methadone tablets - are both more injectable, and therefore requests or implied requirements for these are often manipulative. So are requests for the antiemetic cyclizine tablets, which are crushed and injected by drug misusers along with injected methadone. As indicated in Chapter 4, thankfully these particular claims have become less common now that guidelines are much more discouraging of any use of methadone tablets. 

Another effect related to the charge characteristics of AVE is the apparent absence of cytotoxicity as indicated by complete absence of cell death. This has been shown in a concentration-dependent (Figure 4) and a time-dependent fashion (Figure 5). The cellular protein concentration curve remains flat over a range of 5-40 4g DNA, corresponding to 15-120 4g of total lipid (Figure 4). No rounded-up or floating cells were found by microscopic observation at any concentration or time point. 

A primary reason for the above disparities is the critically important structural organization of the chromophores when found in-vivo. These relationships make a major (several orders of magnitude) difference in the absorbance of the material and also lead to anisotropic absorption. These relationships have not been maintained by the chemists. A second reason relates particularly to the L-channel. The chromophore of that channel exhibits a more intimate relationship with the electronic portion of the photoreceptor neuron than do the S- and M-channel chromophores. As a result, the L-channel exhibits an effective absorption characteristic very different from that observed by the chemist. This characteristic also accounts for the loss of red response in the mesopic and scotopic regions. These relationships have not been emulated in the environment of the chemist. Failure to emulate these conditions leads to extraneous absorption spectra for the L-channel chromophore. A third reason is due to the frequent chemical reactions occurring in the chemists solutions that he may not be aware of. It has been rare in the past for the chemist to document the pH of the solutions he has measured. This is a particular problem as mentioned in a later section [Section 5.5.12], The chromophores of vision are members of the "indicator class of chemicals. Their spectral characteristics are intimately related to the pH of their environment. They are also complex organics. Their spectral characteristics are a function of the organic solvent used. They are also subject to chemical attack. This mechanism has been documented by Wald, et. al. and more recently by Ma, et. al. 

Some of the mechanisms and risk factors of methotrexate-associated non-Hodgkin s lymphoma in patients with rheumatoid arthritis have been reviewed, including an analysis of the characteristic features of 25 detailed published cases (122). Although the epidemiological evidence is limited, several reports of spontaneous remission of lymphomas after methotrexate withdrawal strongly support a cause-and-effect relation. 

Minor adverse effects related to talc pleurodesis are common chest pain occurs in about 7% of patients and fever in 16-69%. Fever characteristically starts within 4-12 hours of pleurodesis and rarely lasts more than 72 hours. Chest pain is usually only mild (11,13,14). 

The dimensionless heat-transfer number lumps together all the effects related to the heat transfer in relation to the time scale of the chemical reaction. Note that the HTN is proportional to the heat transfer coefficient, U, which depends on the flow conditions, the properties of the fluid, and to the heat-transfer area per unit volume (S/V). The DHR is a characteristic of the chemical reaction, the reference temperature, and the composition of the reference state. 

When the internal mass transfer/reaction step is rate limiting, an effectiveness factor, I , is usually introduced related to dimensionless parameters characteristic of the reacting system as a Thiele modulus.109 It is worthwhile noting that most of the available correlations are based upon theoretical models assuming diffusion as the only mass transfer pattern. Hence, effects related to external mass transfer resistances are neglected. 

A typical effect related to surface relaxations is obtained in measurements of ti-A isotherms of insoluble monolayers. In most of the measurements with spread amphiphiles there are differences between the curve for compression and expansion of the surface films. Usually this characteristic behaviour is described as hysteresis. One experimental example of a spread dipalmitoyl lecithin is shown in Figs 3.12. This phenomenon corresponds to one or more of these surface relaxations. 

Van Dooren and Muller investigated in great detail by factorial designs the effects of apparatus, test substance, reference material, atmosphere (152), as well as heating rate and particle size (153,159,160) on results in quantitative DSC. The former set of experimental factors are called baseline-related characteristics if the curve is described using these parameters, large standard deviations should be taken into account. A baseline equation, based on heat balance considerations, is... 

The use of color in labeling and packaging is obviously widespread in consumer products and many industrial products. Color is used in such labels primarily because of its emotion-mood related characteristics which can, if effectively integrated into the design of label and package, contribute to the enhancement of attention processes and favorable image building qualities. Obviously, these tend to improve the probability of product trial and brand loyalty development. 

Another technique used by many companies, which certainly has some related characteristics, is the concept of matching employee contributions. That channels the funds to those schools that provide the people the Industry has chosen to hire. So it does, again, get the funds back to those academic institutions which have met company needs, though it is less effective in steering the funds to a specific part of the school. 

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