Effect of oil

WLen two temperatures and two eniissivities are given, tLey correspond, first to first and second to second, and linear interpolation is permissible. = ( F — 32)/1.8. f Altbougb tbis value is probably bigb, it is given for comparison witb tbe databy tbe same investigator to sbow tbe effect of oil layers. See Aluminum, Part A of this table. 

Material characteristics, both chemical and physical, should be considered, especially flowabihty. Abrasiveness, friability, and lump size are also important. Chemical effects (e.g., the effect of oil on rubber or of acids on metal) may dictate the structural materials out of which conveyor components are fabricated. Moisture or oxidation effects from exposure to the atmosphere may be harmful to the material being conveyed and require total enclosure of the conveyor or even an artificial atmosphere. Obviously, certain types of conveyors lend themselves to such special requirements better than others. 

Among contaminants one of the most objectionable is oil, especially in systems where water is strongly heated. A relatively small amount of oil on a heating surface can produce very rapid failures. An indirect effect of oil, or other contaminants which form films on the water surface, is that the film isolates the water from air so that in polluted water anaerobic conditions may develop with the encouragement of objectionable bacterial activity. 

The oil film present on both types of tinplate and on newly hot-dipped tinware has a slight protective value. The passivation processes have much more effect but this is unlikely to compensate for a substantial reduction in coating weight. The effects of oil and passivation on the outside of tinplate cans may be reduced during can manufacture, filling and sterilisation. 

The response of marine macrophytes on oil dispersion is dependent on the type of both oil and oil dispersant [292]. Germination inhibition of the marine macrophyte Phyllospora comosa was used to assess and compare the effects of oil dispersants and dispersed diesel fuel and crude oil combinations. The inhibition of germination by the water-soluble fraction of diesel fuel increased after adding all dispersants investigated. This contrasted with crude oil, in which the addition of some dispersants resulted in an enhanced germination rate. 

The effect of water temperature variation is logarithmically correlated with dispersant effectiveness [585]. Dispersant/oil ratios greater than approximately 1 40 or 1 60 result in a low dispersant effectiveness. Dispersion experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of oil composition. The effectiveness is positively and strongly correlated with the saturate concentration in the oil and is negatively correlated with the contents of aromatic, asphaltene, and polar compounds in the oil. The effectiveness is weakly correlated with the viscosity of the oil. The dispersant effectiveness is limited primarily by the oil composition. 

T. Austad, P. A. Bjorkum, T. A. Rolfsvag, and K. B. Oysaed. Adsorption Pt 3 Nonequilibrium adsorption of surfactants onto reservoir cores from the North Sea The effects of oil and clay minerals. J Petrol SciEng, 6(2) 137-148, 1991. 

J. A. Ramsay, D. G. Cooper, and R. J. Neufeld. Effects of oil reservoir conditions on the production of water-insoluble levan by Bacillus licheniformis. GeomicrobiolJ, 7(3) 155-165, July 1989. 

M Jumaa, BW Muller. The effect of oil components and homogenization conditions on the physicochemical properties and stability of parenteral fat emulsions. Int J Pharm 163(1—2) 81—89, 1998. 

Other important issues influencing the economics of oil recovery include methods of determining fluid movement and behavior within the reservoir (191) the effect of oil composition on oil... 

EFFECT OF OIL. Titrations were performed in which small amounts of decane were added with the surfactant sample. The results were found to be insensitive to the presence of up to 2 cm3 of the decane. This allows the application of the method to both simple aqueous solutions and microemulsions containing significant quantities of decane. 

Table V. Effect of Oil-Rich/Water-Rich Slug Volume Ratio on Tertiary Recovery...

In this subsection, specific operating parameters will be discussed. These includes nutrient media for use during desulfurization process, toxicity of solvent to various biocat-alytic strains, effect of oil/water ratio on biocatalyst as well as desulfurization rates and subsequent separations, biocatalyst density during desulfurization, and finally, the alternative to operate the desulfurization process in batch vs. continuous mode. 

The effect of oil/water ratio has been studied extensively for various catalysts. Patel et al. [258] reported effect of oil/water ratio on rate of desulfurization by IGTS8. They used freeze-dried cells reconstituted with water to do the studies. They found that a minimum of 1.25 mL of water per gram of freeze-dried cells is necessary to enable biodesulfurization. At a W/O ratio of 1 9, about 82% of the maximum desulfurization activity was achieved. The rate of desulfurization was reported to be similar between the W/O ratio of 1 1 and 4 1, but decreased upon increasing oil content further. The effect of the ratio was also studied by Shan et al. using diesel oil as the oil phase and P. delafieldii R-8 as the biocatalyst [259], The water content was varied to obtain a W/O ratio between 0 1 and 20 1, using a fixed amount of biocatalyst and oil. The authors found that the desulfurization rate increased up to a W/O ratio of 2 1, after which it remained constant. 

Albers, PH. 1983. Effects of oil on avian reproduction a review and discussion. Pages 78-96 in The Effects of Oil on Birds. A Multidiscipline Symposium. Tri-State Bird Rescue and Research, Inc., Wilmington, DE. 

Eppley Z. 1992. Assessing indirect effects of oil in the presence of natural variation The problem of reproductive failure in South Polar Skuas during the Bahia Paraisa oil spill. Marine Pollution Bulletin 25(9-12) 307-312. 

DC044 Garg, S. K. Antifertility effect of oil from few indigenous plants on female albino rats. Planta Med 1974 26 391-393. 

In the case of oil sprays a direct relationship has been shown by Cressman and Daw-sey (7) between the amount of oil deposited and insect kill or control. A similar relationship has been shown by Chapman ei al (4) using oil as an ovicide in control of the fruit tree leaf roller. This relationship appears to hold regardless of the emulsifier used. The literature indicates that much attention has been given to the infiuence of emulsifiers on differences in effectiveness of oils. In many cases differences in effectiveness are attributed directly to the influence of the emulsifier. In spite of the various ways in which effects of emulsifiers have been interpreted, it appears that the basic influence of the emulsifier is on amount of oil deposited. 

Insecticide Action. The mode of action involved in the toxic effect of oils on hatched forms is no better understood than in the case of ovicides. Several theories which have been advanced are siunmarized by Shepard 19) as follows ... 

It seems imreasonable to assume that any one of these theories alone accoimts for the toxic effect of oils on stages other than the egg. It is more likely that several operate simultaneously and that other modes of action are also involved. In generalizing, it would appear that the chemically active unsaturated oils might exert a toxic effect by virtue of their chemical structure. However, the highly refined saturated petroleum oils being less reactive would appear to exert their toxic effect chiefly through their physical characteristics. 

Table II. Phytotoxic Effect of Oil Sprays of Different Chemical Characteristics upon...

According to Herms and Gray 24) studies are needed on the chemical and physical properties of mosquito oils and on the basic effects of oils upon the mosquito larva s physiology, as well as physiochemical studies of oil films on water surfaces. 

George, R.Y. (1975) Potential effects of oil drilling and dumping activities on marine biota. In Environmental Aspects of Chemical Use in Well-Drilling Operations, Conference Proceedings, Report No. EPA-560/1-17-004. US Environmental... 

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