Effect of crude oil

Hoffman, D.J. 1979. Embryotoxic effects of crude oil containing nickel and vanadium in mallards. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 23 203-206. 

Oil droplet size is thought to be quite important to the effectiveness of crude oils at destabilizing foams, with smaller droplets being the more effective [44,114,330,342]. A number of microvisual and core-flood studies suggest that the emulsification/ imbibition of oil into foam can be a very important factor [44,114,328,330,339,342]. 

Caims, R.J.R. Grist, D.M. Neustadter, E.L. The effects of Crude Oil-Water Interfacial Properties on Water-Crude Oil Emulsion Stability in Theory and Practice of Emulsion Technology, Smith, A.L. (Ed.), Academic Press New York, 1976 pp. 135-151. 

The effect of crude oil concentration in the feed was investigated with Arabian 65OF+ topped crude. Three concentrations (20, 50 and 80 of topped crude in toluene) were chosen, while... 

Nyman, J.A. (1999) Effect of crude oil and chemical additives on metabolic activity of mixed microbial populations in fresh marsh soils. Microb. Ecol. 37, 152-162. 

Plante-Cuny, M.R., Salen-Picard, C., Grenz, C., Plante, R., Alliot, E., and Barranguet, C. (1993) Experimental field study of the effects of crude oil, drill cuttings and natural biodeposits on microphyto- and microzoobenthic communities in a Mediterranean area. Mar. Biol. 117, 355-366. 

The effect of crude oil can also be deleterious. In some foam systems the presence of crude oil, even in small amounts, is sufficient to greatly inhibit foam formation and foam stability. A preferred surfactant is either unaffected or its effectiveness is enhanced by the presence of crude oil. 

The acute effect of crude oil on humans is narcosis. The effect is reversible even after exposure to high concentrations. Inhalation of vapors can produce pneumonitis. 

Adverse effects of crude oil on the skin have been reported in petroleum workers. These effects include dryness, pigmentation, hyperkeratosis, warts, and eczema. 

Burnham K, Bey M. Effects of crude oil and ultraviolet radiation on immunity within mouse skin. J Toxicol Environ Health 1991 34(1) 83—93. 

Morrow, N.R., Lim, H.T., Ward, J.S., 1986. Effect of crude-oil-induced wettability changes on oil recovery. SPEFE (February), 89-103. 

Effects of Crude Oil and Chemically Dispersed Oil on Chemoreception and Homing in Pacific Salmon... 

Sufffidge et al. (103) found that the effect of crude oil on bulk foams can vary from relatively mild (in a fluorinated surfactant) to essentially catastrophic (in C10-a-olefin sulfonate). 

Atema, J. and Stein, L.S., 1974. Effects of crude oil on the feeding behaviour of the lobster,//omarus omertconus. Environ. Pollut., 6 77—86. 

The ability of bacteria, yeasts, and fungi to convert aliphatic hydrocarbons to carbon dioxide and water has been studied intensively over the past decade because of concerns about the effects of crude oil spills on the environment. Microorganisms cannot survive when they are placed in high concentrations of crude oil or any of its components. However, they can utilize hydrocarbons very efficiently when they are placed in a medium in which an extensive lipid-water interface is created by agitation and aeration. Why ... 

McLean and coworkers [19,56] have investigated the effects of crude oil solvency and resin-asphaltene interactions on the stability of water-in-crude oil emulsions. They showed that there were three main factors that control the solubility of asphaltenes in crude oil, their tendency to aggregate, and their tendency to adsorb at oil-water interfaces. These are... 

RJR Caims, DM Grist, EL Neustadter. Effects of crude oil — water interfacial properties on water —crude oil emulsion stahUity. Proceedings of SCI Symposium Theory and Practice of Emulsion Technology, Brunei University, London, 1974, Ch 8. 

Wang Dawei,An Lizhe,Wang Xunling, "The effect of crude oil pollution of soil on... 

It has been shown that a study of crude oil/water interfacial rheology can be used to investigate crude oil emulsion stability and rationalize the effect of chemical demulsifiers. Both kinetic factors relevant to droplet coagulation and the mechanical resistance to coalescence which gives rise to permanent emulsion stability can be studied and defined by these techniques. The effects of crude oil typ e, temperature and aqueous phase changes can be followed and used to pinpoint emulsion problems that may arise in a practical situation. 

Mashalah Khamehchiyan, Amir Hosseih Charhabi and Majid Tajik, The effects of crude oil contamination on geotechnical properties of Bushehr coastal soils in Iran. IAEG2006 Paper number 214, 2006. 

Near-tenn refining trends are demanding continuous improvements to current practices to ensure the profitability to survive in highly competitive global markets. To the common complexity of refinery processes, and the effect of crude oil market volatility and low and cyclic business margins, increasing environmental regulations have made companies face to the need to continuously operate assets at or near the economic optimum. 

Gill, L.S., Nyawame, H.C.K and Ehikhametor, A. (1992). Effects of crude oil on the growth and anatomic features of Chromolaema odoranta. Journal of Chromolaema Newsletter. 5 1-9. 

Figure 7.8. Effect of crude oil (10 mg L ) on the in situ gross primary production of phytoplankton in the Beaufort Sea. (From Hsiao etal, 1978.)...

Hsiao, S.I.C., D.W. Kittle, and M.G. Foy. 1978. Effects of crude oils and the oil dispersant Corexit on primary production of arctic marine phytoplankton and seaweed. Environmental Pollution 15 209-221. 

N.G. Ruiz, C.B.D. GaUndez 1995. Effect of crude oil on corrosion of alloys in severe sour environments, Materials Performance 34 (4), 50—53. 

---