Effect of Inclusions

In the absence of inclusions or second-phase particles damage may develop either in persistent slip bands on some surface grains (see Sect. 1.5) or in slips activated by a micro-discontinuity such as surface roughness, as seen in the previous section. 

Therefore, the competition to create the first sub- damage is between these two factors persistent slip bands and slips activated by surface roughness. Persistent slip bands formation in just one or few surface grains is related to metallurgical variability while surface roughness depends on metal working conditions. The presence, non-eliminable, of inclusions and second-phase particles introduces a third element of competition related, like persistent slip bands, to metallurgical variability. 

We can be somehow dubious about the use of linear elastic fracture mechanics with such small a defect. However, assuming that it can be used it can also be said that crack propagation will occur when AK reaches a threshold value AAT,. Testing with 15 different materials, Murakami et al. found that AKth was proportional to 

The relationship, always empirical, with the hardness HV could be derived from experimental results of Fig. 3.28 and was 

Equating Eqs. (3.9)-(3.7) yields Eq. (3.5). Note that the use of LEFM, though inappropriate, implies that the defect is already a crack. Equation (3.5) has been extended to a more general case in which is 1 — 1 (1 = CmiJf max) 

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Figure 3.4 Effect of inclusion of higher level corrections on the mean absolute deviations of G3, B3LYP, and BLYP methods for the enthalpies of formation in the G3/99 test set.

Ohki, T, Tanimura, M. Kinoshita, K. Teniryo, G. "Effect of Inclusions on Sulfide Stress Cracking", 1/1977, Private Publ. by Nippon Kokan Kabushiki Kaisha Technical Research Center, Japan. 

Yanagi, H., et al. 1991. Effect of inclusion complexation of decanoic acid with a-cyclodextrin on rectal absorption of cefmetazole sodium suppository in rabbits. Yakugaku Zasshi 111 65. 

Bayomi B, Abanumay KA, Al-Angary AA. Effect of inclusion complexation with cyclodextrins on photostability of Nifedipine in solid state. Int J Pharm... 

Kolarik J, Lednicky F, Locati G, Fambri L (1997) Ultimate properties of polycarbonate blends effects of inclusion plastic deformation and of matrix phase continuity. Polym Eng Sd 37 128-137... 

Baker, E., M. Wang, and H. Walberg (1994) The effects of inclusion on learning. Educational Leadership 52,33-35. 

Crolet remarked that causality does not always follow from correlation of results from electrochemical tests and results from surface analysis (19). Strictly speaking, the effect of inclusion removal on pitting potential cannot be distinguished from effects due to Cr surface enrichment. 

Nakano, K., Sada, K. and Miyata, M. (1996). Novel additive effect of inclusion crystals on polymorphs of cholic acid crystals having different hydrogen-bonded networks with the same organic guest. Chem. Commun., 989-90. [58]... 

Mayers C, Panzarella T, Tannock IF. Analysis of the prognostic effects of inclusion in a clinical trial and of myelosuppression on survival after adjuvant chemotherapy for breast carcinoma. Cancer 2001 91(12) 2246-57. 

The importance of high rates of mass transport for a clean and efficient electrosynthesis using a filter press reactor has been stressed, and the effect of inclusion of a platic mesh turbulence promoter considered [56]. A multipurpose filterpress cell for continuous electrolysis of organic compounds has been described [57], and a mathematical model of the startup of a continuous parallel-plate reactor has been published [58]. 

It should be mentioned that inclusion of the sextic terms of Eq. (1) is often quite important. For molecules containing more than five heavy atoms, the quadratic and quartic terms of Eq. (1) are sufficient to fit the microwave spectrum within experimental uncertainty. The small effect of the sextic terms can be absorbed by the quartic terms. However, the quartic terms thus obtained can be in error by more than three standard deviations. In error means that predictions of new transitions can be in error by three standard deviations or, alternatively, if better measurements are made and the P6 terms included, the new values of the r s will differ from the old by as many as three standard deviations. If the r s are to be interpreted from the fit of the spectrum, it is important that the effects of inclusion of sextic terms be investigated. 

Figure 6.9 (a) H NMR spectrum of the DPC complex of 6.31 showing the upheld (to negative ppm) chemical shifts of the included CH3- and CH2- groups of the DPC dodecyl chain (see Box 3.3 for a discussion of the effect of inclusion on chemical shift), (b) reference spectrum of DPC in the absence of host showing the numbering scheme. (Reprinted from [13] with permission from AAAS). 

Tai JC, Allinger NL. Effect of inclusion of electron correlation in MM3 studies of cyclic conjugated compounds. J Comput Chem 1998 19 475 487. 

Reports presented during the less hazardous cigarette workshop held at the 1967 World Conference on Smoking and Health were published the next year as an NCI monograph edited by Wynder and Hoffmann (4343). Moshy and Halter presented data on the effect of inclusion of experimental RTS in a blend. They wrote (2647a) ... 

Review. A review of cryptates (82 references) not only discusses known effects of inclusion complexes of this type but notes possible future uses. Thus a cryptate has been prepared that forms a complex with the highly toxic Cd but not with Zn and Ca +. Such cryptates should be useful in treatment of metal poisoning and in control of pollution. Some cryptates are very efficient phase-transfer catalysts (liquid to liquid). Isotope separation may be possible with cryptates. 

Two concepts from fibre-reinforcement theory are of general use in polymer mechanics. The first is the effect of inclusion shape on the anisotropic elastic moduli of a composite. Two rules control the effects of fibre reinforcement ... 

The mean fibre length determines the fibre aspect ratio. One theory considers the effects of inclusions, of a given aspect ratio, surrounded by a material with the average properties of the composite. Figure 4.29a shows predictions for E-glass inclusions ( = 73GPa, p = 0.22) in an epoxy matrix (E = 5.35 GPa, v = 0.34) there is a steady increase in the composite modulus Ell in the direction of the perfectly aligned inclusions, as the aspect ratio and the fibre volume fraction increase. 

FIGURE 11.6 Effect of inclusion of successive terms in the atomic Hamiltonian for the s2p helium configuration. Hg is not part of the atomic Hamiltonian but is due to an applied magnetic field. 

The role of inclusions sometimes is similar to that of dopants. If the drag on the grain boundary is sufficiently strong, the boundary could be pinned. Similarly, their effect on densification is not very significant. The effectiveness of inclusions is almost the same as that of dopants, in terms of G or p/G. 

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