Effect of carbohydrate

Highley T. Effect of carbohydrate and nitrogen on hydrogen peroxide formation by wood decay fungi in solid medium. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1987 48 373-378. 

Figure 6. Effect of carbohydrate configuration on inversion reaction. ...

Effect of Carbohydrate Table IV shows the effect of carbohydrates on the D.S. (%) of both lignin-carbohydrate complexes (LCC s) and DHP s... 

Table IV. The Effect of Carbohydrates on the Degree of Substitution at Position 5 of Guaiacyl Ring in DHP and LCC Fractions...

Other physical phenomena that may be associated, at least partially, with complex formation are the effect of a salt on the viscosity of aqueous solutions of a sugar and the effect of carbohydrates on the electrical conductivity of aqueous solutions of electrolytes. Measurements have been made of the increase in viscosity of aqueous sucrose solutions caused by the presence of potassium acetate, potassium chloride, potassium oxalate, and the potassium and calcium salt of 5-oxo-2-pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid.81 Potassium acetate has a greater effect than potassium chloride, and calcium ion is more effective than potassium ion. Conductivities of 0.01-0.05 N aqueous solutions of potassium chloride, sodium chloride, potassium sulfate, sodium sulfate, sodium carbonate, potassium bicarbonate, potassium hydroxide, and sodium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, and calcium sulfate, in both the presence and absence of sucrose, have been determined by Selix.88 At a sucrose concentration of 15° Brix (15.9 g. of sucrose/100 ml. of solution), an increase of 1° Brix in sucrose causes a 4% decrease in conductivity. Landt and Bodea88 studied dilute aqueous solutions of potassium chloride, sodium chloride, barium chloride, and tetra-... 

Perhaps the greatest advantage of using neoglycoproteins is that it is possible to obtain a series of derivatives that differ in specific structural details of the carbohydrate portion, thereby permitting an evaluation of the effect of carbohydrate structure on neoglycoprotein activ-... 

Reineke TM, Davis ME (2003) Structural effects of carbohydrate-containing polycations on gene delivery. 1. Carbohydrate size and its distance from charge centers. Bioconjug Chem 14 (l) 247-254... 

Mattes MJ. Biodistribution of antibodies after intraperitoneal or intravenous injection and effect of carbohydrate modifications. J Natl Cancer Inst 1987 79(4) 855—63. 

Ikeda A, Horiguchi U, Koyoshi K. 1980. [Research on the effect of air pollution. 2. Studies on biological effects of carbohydrates (on aldehydes).] Kanagawa-ken Taiki Osen Chosa Kenkyu Hokoku 22 293- 296. (Japanese)... 

Effect of Carbohydrate on Enzyme-Substrate Interaction. Since many of the enzymes we have conjugated with dextran have macromolecules as their natural substrates, we recognized that the conjugation process might result in unfavorable steric interactions that would impair the ability of the enzymes to interact with such substrates, in the same way that attached carbohydrate affects the susceptibility of the conjugated enzymes to proteolytic attack. We have therefore investigated the effect of carbohydrate on the interaction of conjugated enzymes with substrate. 

In general, the effectiveness of carbohydrates to prevent protein-tannin aggregation increase with their ionic character (Luck et al. 1994 Carvalho et al. 2006b de Freitas et al. 2003) neutral carbohydrates practically do not affect aggregation. 

Mateus, N., Carvalho, E., Luis, C., de Freitas, V. A. P. (2004a). Influence of the tannin structure towards the disruption effect of carbohydrates on protein-tannin aggregates. Anal Chim. Acta, 513, 135-140. 

Ford, A.W. Dawson, P.J. The effect of carbohydrate additives in the freeze-drying of alkaline phosphatase. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1993, 45, 86-93. 

Kelleher, P. C., Phinney, S. D., Sims, E. A., Bogardus, C., Hortan, E. S., Bistrian, B. R., Ama-truda, J. M., and Lockwood, D. H. (1983). Effects of carbohydrate-containing and carbohydrate-restricted h3rpocaloric and eucaloric diets on serum concentrations of retinol-binding protein, thyroxine-binding prealbumin, and transferrin. Metabolism 32, 95-101. 

Elversson J, Millqvist-Fureby A. Particle size and density in spray drying-effects of carbohydrate properties. J I%um Sci 2005 94 2049-60. 

Hie stability of amoxicillin sodium salt in various intravenous infusion fluids has been studied [33-35], Degradation was faster at the higher amoxicillin concentrations [33] and particularly in fluids containing dextrose, dextran or sorbitol [33-35], Other studies also showed a deleterious effect of carbohydrates and alcohols on the stability of amoxicillin in solution [36,37],... 

The effects of carbohydrate and fat on the efficiency with which dietary iron is converted into hemoglobin have been studied. Hiller and Landes (1976) used starch, sucrose or glucose as the carbohydrate source and ferrous sulfate as the iron source. The respective efficiencies of converting dietary iron into hemoglobin were 72, 65, and 46 percent. 

The 0/C ratio is the clearest indicator of humic types. Soil humic acid ratios cluster around 0.50 while soil fulvic acids center around 0.70. Aquatic humic acids are close to the soil ratio of 0.50 however, aquatic fulvic acids possess consistently lower ratios of around 0.60. The difference may reflect different extraction procedures or it may represent lower carbohydrate contents in the water environment (Thurman and Malcolm, 1983). Another indication of the effect of carbohydrate content on the 0/C ratio comes from the analysis of sediments (Ishiwatari 1975a). With increasing depth, the carbohydrate content of fulvates increases while the carbohydrate content of humates decreases. This is revealed by the changes in the 0/C ratios. These ratios may indicate serious contamination from other sources. Thus, groundwater humates show abnormally low 0/C ratios this may be due to contamination by kerogens or Trona acids. 

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