Effect of amylase

Seligson s group (95) has published a similar turbidimetric procedure but used nephelometry to measure continuously the effect of lipase on the light scattering of an olive oil emulsion. The instrumentation and approach is the same as that described above for the nephelometric determination of amylase. The method according to the authors is fast and precise with good specificity and sensitivity. The short time required for analysis makes it suitable for emergency use. The technical simplicity permits this method to be easily automated, and it appears to be the lipase method of choice. 

KATAOKA K, DiMAGNO E p (1998) Effect of chronic amylase inhibition on pancreatic growth and acinar cell secretory function in rats. Pancreas. 17 50-56. 

KOIKE D, YAMADERA K, DiMAGNO E p (1995) Effect of a wheat amylase inhibitor on canine carbohydrate digestion, gastrointestinal function, and pancreatic growth. Gastroenterology. 108 1221-9. 

LAYER P, RIZZA R A, ZINSMEISTER A R, CARLSON G L, DIMAGNO E P (1986) Effect of a purified amylase inhibitor on carbohydrate tolerance in normal subjects and patients with diabetes mellitus . Mayo Clin Proc. 61 442-7. 

The magnitude of inhibition of polygalacturonase was found to be dependent on preincubation of inhibitor with the enzyme. Similar observations have been reported for other enzyme inhibitors (Shivaraj and Pattabiraman, 1980 Sharma and Pattabiraman, 1980 Padmanabhan and Shrasti, 1990). However, preincubation of the inhibitor with substrate did not show any effect on inhibitor activity. In contrast, Shivaraj and Pattabiraman (1980) and Buonocore et al. (1977), have observed inactivation of amylase inhibitor activity on pretreatment with starch. 

Non-enteric-coated pancreatic enzyme supplements can be used for initial therapy. The relative dose of amylase, lipase, and protease may be increased until control of pain and fatty diarrhea is achieved or the patient experiences intolerable side effects. If pain and diarrhea control are achieved, the patient can be transitioned to an enteric-coated supplement to maximize compliance. A reasonable example starting regimen is Viokase-8, six tablets with each meal and at bedtime, given with famotidine 20 mg at bedtime. 

Recent advances in our information of starches and glycogens make possible clearer interpretations of the results obtained with amylases. This better understanding should lead in turn to a more effective use of amylases as tools for further progress. For detailed information about starches and glycogens the reader is referred to a number of excellent reviews. 8-10... 

Although the extent of the hydrolysis of starch by pancreatic amylase or by the amylase of Aspergillus oryzae depends within wide limits upon the concentration of amylase used, marked differences have been noted in the relative increases in amylase concentration required for these two alpha amylases to effect an equivalent increase in the extent of the... 

Solutions containing more than 10 mol fumonisin are proven to effect negatively the production of amylase and elongation of radicles in seeds (Doehlert et al., 1994). Fumonisin also causes shoot and root length to be decreased (Lamprecht et al., 1994). It is assumed that fumonisins other than fumonisin Bi and B2 are much less potent than fumonisin Bi (which is always prevalent). 

The B-amylase has been used to produce extremely high maltose syrups for confectionery industries and high conversiem syrups used in brewing (77-79). Figure 2 shows the effect of B-amylase and pullulanase on the time course of maltose... 

N4. Nossel, H. L., The effect of moiphine on the serum and urinary amylase and the Sphincter of Oddi, with some preliminary observations on the effect of alcohol on the serum amylase and the Sphincter of Oddi. Gastroenterology 29, 409-416 (1955). 

The pretreatment of wastewater with hydrolases or acids is one of the best ways to overcome this obstacle, because in this way the big polymer molecules can be decomposed to smaller units, which can be measured by the biosensor. The positive effect of an enzymatic pretreatment of wastewater prior to sensorBOD measurement was demonstrated [53, 66]. In these investigations, different types of wastewaters, which contained milk powder, starch, or cellulose, were treated by proteases, a-amylases, and cellulases or a mix of these enzymes, respectively. This pretreatment resulted in a good correlation between sensorBOD and the conventional five-day BOD, while the sensorBOD values for untreated wastewater were significantly lower (see Table 6). As an example, the sensorBOD of a wastewater from a paper factory increased approximately to the fourfold value when treated by a mixture of cellulase and -glucosidase. 

Dekker et al. [170] studied the extraction process of a-amylase in a TOMAC/isooctane reverse micellar system in terms of the distribution coefficients, mass transfer coefficient, inactivation rate constants, phase ratio, and residence time during the forward and backward extractions. They derived different equations for the concentration of active enzyme in all phases as a function of time. It was also shown that the inactivation took place predominantly in the first aqueous phase due to complex formation between enzyme and surfactant. In order to minimize the extent of enzyme inactivation, the steady state enzyme concentration should be kept as low as possible in the first aqueous phase. This can be achieved by a high mass transfer rate and a high distribution coefficient of the enzyme between reverse micellar and aqueous phases. The effect of mass transfer coefficient during forward extraction on the recovery of a-amylase was simulated for two values of the distribution coefficient. These model predictions were verified experimentally by changing the distribution coefficient (by adding... 

Indigestion, heartburn, and nausea are common side effects of valproate therapy. Use of the divalproex sodium preparation will help mitigate these effects. Patients may also be encouraged to take their doses with food. The symptomatic use of histamine H2 blockers, such as famotidine, is sometimes warranted. In most cases, however, dyspepsia is transient and not severe. Pancreatitis is a rare occurrence in patients receiving relatively high doses of valproate. If vomiting and severe abdominal pain develop during valproate therapy, serum amylase levels should be determined immediately. 

During in vitro glycemic analysis of freshly boiled minced potatoes of a range of varieties nearly all of the starch was almost immediately digested by pancreatic amylase. Not surprisingly, therefore, in vitro analysis has not revealed any effects of storage time in potatoes stored for 1-3 months or 8-10 months (Lehman et al, 2005). 

Jane, J. L., Chen, Y. Y, Lee, L. F., McPherson, A. E., Wong, K. S., Radosavljevic, M., Kasemsuwan, T. (1999). Effects of amylopectin branch chain length and amylase content on the gelatinization and pasting properties of starch. Cereal Chemistry, 76, 629-631. 

The salivary glands contain adrenoceptors that regulate the secretion of amylase and water. However, certain sympathomimetic drugs, eg, clonidine, produce symptoms of dry mouth. The mechanism of this effect is uncertain it is likely that central nervous system effects are responsible, although peripheral effects may contribute. 

Symptomatic adverse effects of darunavir include diarrhea, nausea, headache, and rash. Laboratory abnormalities include dyslipidemia (though possibly less frequent than with other boosted PI regimens) and increases in amylase and hepatic transaminase levels. Liver toxicity, including severe hepatitis, has been reported in some patients taking darunavir the risk of hepatotoxicity may be higher for persons with HBV, HCV, or other chronic liver disease. 

---