Effect endogenous

Enkephalins and Endorphins. Morphine (142), an alkaloid found in opium, was first isolated in the early nineteenth century and widely used in patent medicines of that eta. It is pharmacologically potent and includes analgesic and mood altering effects. Endogenous opiates, the enkephalins, endorphins, and dynotphins were identified in the mid-1970s (3,51) (see Opioids, endogenous). Enkephalins and endorphins ate Hsted in Table 9. 

PPAR isotype Tissues of highest expression Primary physiological effects Endogenous ligands Synthetic ligands Associated disease state/ indication... 

Enhanced anticoagulant effects Endogenous factors that may be responsible for increased PT/INR response include the following Blood dyscrasias cancer collagen vascular disease CHF diarrhea elevated temperature hepatic disorders (eg, infectious hepatitis, jaundice) hyperthyroidism poor nutritional state steatorrhea vitamin K deficiency. 

Decreased anticoagulant effects Endogenous factors that may reduce the response to the oral anticoagulants or decrease the PT or INR include Edema ... 

Lam JKW, Liang W, Lan Y et al (2012) Effective endogenous gene silencing mediated by pH responsive amphipathic peptides proceeds via multiple pathways. J Control Release 158 293-303... 

Endorphins endogenous peptides with morphinelike effects (endogenous morphine), the natural ligands for the opiate receptors. See Opioid peptides. 

THC acts at both spinal and supraspinal levels to produce analgesia. As with opioids (opium derivatives), cannabinoids inhibit GABAergic synaptic transmission, while opioids also inhibit post-synaptic neurones. In this way THC and opioids have synergistic analgesic effects. Endogenous cannabinoids (anandamide) produce analgesia, but anandamide is less potent than THC and synthetic cannabinoids (Vaughan and Christie 2002). 

Gallagher and co-workers [389] have emphasized that metabolites of corticoid hormones are not simply inactive end-products of a spent hormone ready for elimination, but may have their own important metabohc functions. Thus, androsterone, an end-metabohte of androgens, is an effective endogenous hypocholesterolemic hormone. Moreover, the production of androsterone is increased as one of the results of thyroxine action hence, this androgen meta-... 

Although auxin is required for cell division, it increases the duration of the mitotic cycle in the root meristem of Vicia faba (MacLeod and Davidson 1966, Davidson and MacLeod 1966) and at higher concentrations suppresses mitosis completely in onion root meristem (Nagl 1972). In the liverwort, Riella helicophylla, anti-auxin treatment accelerates division, presumably by reducing the effective endogenous level of auxin (Grotha 1976). 

Dmg receptors represent another type of receptor family. The central nervous system (CNS) effects of the anxiolytic, diazepam, and the psychotropic actions of the caimabiaoids and phencycUdine have resulted ia the identification of specific receptors for these molecules. This has resulted ia the search for an endogenous ligand for these receptors. Thus, ia these situations, the pharmacological action has preceded the discovery of the receptor which, ia turn, has provided clues ia several iastances to the endogenous ligand. 

A critical step in radioprotection involves the IL-1 receptors. Monoclonal antibodies to the type 1 IL-1 receptor block IL-l-induced radioprotection (167). Although this receptor is not present on BM cells, it is present on fibroblasts, which suggests that the effects of IL-1 on stem cells maybe largely indirect and mediated by stromal cell activation (168). Anti-IL-1 receptor (type 1) also sensitizes normal mice to the effects of TBI, which suggests that endogenous IL-1 has an intrinsic radioprotective role. IL-6 induction by IL-1, but not CSF levels, is inhibited, which supports the concept that G-CSF and GM-CSF are insufficient by themselves at radioprotecting stem cells and indicates a contributory role for IL-6. Anti-IL-6 antibody blocks IL-1 and TNF-induced radioprotection and also decreases the intrinsic radioresistance of mice, as does anti-TNF- a (169). 

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