Midge Chironomus riparius

Sediment Toxicity. Because of their low solubiUty ia water and lipophilic nature, phthalates tend to be found ia sediments. Unfortunately httle work has previously been carried out on the toxicity of phthalates to sediment dwelling organisms. Eor this reason ECPI has commissioned some sediment toxicity studies designed to measure the effect of DEHP and DIDP ia a natural river sediment on the emergence of the larvae of the midge, Chironomus riparius. 

Cadmium uptake from the medium by aquatic organisms usually increased with increasing water temperature in the range of 5 to 25°C in the case of midge (Chironomus riparius) larvae,... 

Fisher, S.W. 1986. Effects of temperature on the acute toxicity of PCP in the midge Chironomus riparius Meigen. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 36 744-748. 

Fisher, S.W. and R.W. Wadleigh. 1986. Effects of pH on the acute toxicity and uptake of (14C) pentachlo-rophenol in the midge, Chironomus riparius. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 11 1-8. 

In ecotoxicology testing, the invertebrate phyla are often omitted, or a single species such as the midge Chironomus riparius or the common mussel Mytilus edulis may be... 

Looser, P. W., Fent, K., Berg, M., Goudsmit, G.-H. and Schwarzenbach, R. P. (2000). Uptake and elimination of triorganotin compounds by larval midge Chironomus riparius in the absence and presence of Aldrich humic acid, Environ. Sci. Technol., 34, 5165-5171. 

Buhl, K.J. and N.L. Faerber (1989). Acute toxicity of selected herbicides and surfactants to larvae of the midge Chironomus riparius. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 18 530-536. 

Bervoets, L., De Bruyn, L., Van Ginneken, L. and Blust, R. (2003) Accumulation of 137Cs by larvae of the midge Chironomus riparius from sediment effect of potassium, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 22 (7), 1589-1596. 

Huuskonen, S.E., Ristola, T.E., Tuvikene, A., Hahn, M.E., Kukkonen, J.V.K. and Lindstrom-Seppa, P. (1998) Comparison of two bioassays, a fish liver cell line (PLHC-1) and a midge (Chironomus riparius), in monitoring freshwater sediments, Aquatic Toxicology 44 (1-2), 47-67. 

P ry, A.R.R., Ducrot, V., Mons, R. and Garric, J. (2003) Modelling toxicity and mode of action of chemicals to analyse growth and emergence tests with the midge Chironomus riparius, Aquatic Toxicology 65 (3), 281-292. 

Ristola, T., Parker, D. and Kukkonen, J.V.K. (2001) Life-cycle effects of sediment-associated 2,4,5-trichlorophenol on two groups of the midge Chironomus riparius with different exposure histories, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 20 (8), 1772-1777. 

Stuijfzand, S.C., Drenth, A., Helms, M. and Kraak, M.H. (1998) Bioassays using the midge Chironomus riparius and the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha for evaluation of river water quality, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 34 (4), 357-363. 

Kallander DB, Fisher SW, Lydy MJ. 1997. Recovery following pulsed exposure to organo-phosphorus and carbamate insecticides in the midge, Chironomus riparius. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 33 29-33. 

Devillers J. Prediction of toxicity of organophosphorus insecticides against the midge, Chironomus riparius, via a QSAR neural network model integrating environmental variables. Toxicol Meth 2000 10 69-79. 

Stuijfzand, S.C., Helms, M., Kraak, M.H.S. and Admiraal, W. (2000) Interacting effects of toxicants and organic matter on the midge Chironomus riparius in polluted river water. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 46, 351-356. 

Elimination of 2,3,3 -trichlorobiphenyl, DDE, and y-hexa-chloro[flflaeee] cyclohexane from larvae of the midge Chironomus riparius was generally greater in sediments with higher organic content, and a significant correlation was found between the rate of elimination and the octanol / water partition coefficient of the compounds (Lydy et al. 1992). 

Lydy, M.J., J.T. Oris, P.C. Baumann, and S.W. Fisher. 1992. Effects of sediment organic carbon content on the elimination rates of neutral lipophilic compounds in the midge (Chironomus riparius). Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 11 347-356. 

The solubility of sodium and potassium penta-chlorophenate in water is pH-dependent it increases from 79.0 mg/L at pH 5.0 to >4000.0 mg/L at pH 8.0. But differential toxicity of PCP in solution is primarily attributable to variations in uptake as a function of pH, and not to water solubility. At pH 4.0, for example, PCP is fully protonated and therefore highly lipophilic, and has its greatest accumulation potential. Conversely, PCP is completely ionized at pH 9.0 lipophilicity is markedly reduced as is its toxicity to the alga Selenastrum capricornutum and the midge, Chironomus riparius. 

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