Economics worldwide markets

Economic Aspects. The estimated total worldwide market for tartaric acid is 58,000 t and potassium bitartrate (acid basis) is 20,000 t. The majority of tartaric acid consumption, represented by beverage, food, and pharmaceutical appHcations, is shown in Table 10. Potassium bitartrate (cream of tartar) is primarily used in baking powders and mixes. 

Economic Aspects. Ihe estimated total worldwide market lor tartaric acid is 58.IXIO I and potassium hitartrate (acid basis) is 2(1.000 i. 

Catalysts played a major role in establishing the economic strength of the chemical and related industries in the first half of the 20th century and an estimated 90% of all of the chemical processes introduced since 1930 depend on catalysis. This has resulted in the build up of an enormous worldwide market for catalysts, which is valued today at some 5000 million per annum with the product value dependent upon them being a staggering 250 000 million. 

The initial projections of 20 years ago have proven to be unrealistic in that reverse osmosis has not caused deserts to bloom, nor does every household contain a reverse osmosis unit to improve the tap water. Yet, the process has been of economic value in providing process water to industry, potable water to high income arid regions and a method of reclaiming municipal and industrial wastes. As of 1985, it was estimated that the worldwide market for reverse osmosis membrane elements (not total systems) was about 50 million. 

Computational chemistry is, in fact, a moderately expensive discipline. The worldwide market for hardware and software in the chemical arena amounts to hundred of millions of (U.S.) dollars per year. Because participation in computational chemistry research calls for a substantial monetary investment, one might be inclined to think that nations that have earned economic prosperity do most of the computational chemistry. Is this correct Are the less affluent countries unable to participate in computational chemistry research because they lack computers and associated resources To find out, and to look for trends in scientific communication in our discipline, we evaluated some demographics of computational chemistry publications. We asked Which countries publish the most, and what are the epicenters of computational chemistry ... 

Despite the worldwide recession in the past several years, the worldwide market for disposable diapers has steadily increased. This growth be sustained on an annual increase of approximately 4 to 5 % until the present due to the r id economic growth developing countries. 

Another market appHcation for naphthenic acid is the tire industry, where cobalt naphthenate is used as an adhesion promoter (see Adhesives Tire cords). Cobalt naphthenate improves the bonding of brass-plated steel cords to mbber, presumably by suppressing the de-zincification of brass (50). Its first reported use was in 1970 and the first patent for its use was issued in 1975 (51). About 900 t of cobalt naphthenate is used worldwide as an adhesion promoter, half of it in North America. The unit value fluctuates between 8.75—13.25 /kg because of the volatility of cobalt prices. Although it is the industry standard, the use of cobalt naphthenate is declining with the advent of more economical high metal-containing substitutes. 

Economic Aspects. The total world market for PET botde resia is growing at a rapid rate. One survey iadicates that the aimual growth rate worldwide exceeded 15% per annum over the years 1990—1995. Another article (124) states that the global consumption of PET grew at 19% duriag 1992 to a world total of 1,720,000 t. Much of this growth is due to the demand for PET bottle resia. Table 1 shows the world PET consumption by end use ia 1992. 

Economic Aspects. The cardiovascular devices market is estimated to be approximately 2.9 biUion annually on a worldwide basis. This market can be further segmented as follows angiography and angioplasty, 644 x 10 arrhythmia control, 1500 x 10 cardiovascular surgery, 700 x 10 cardiac assist (intra-aortic balloon pump), 80 x 10 and artificial hearts, which are experimental. 

Market prices are extremely volatile and follow cycles of advance and decline related to fluctuations ia global iaventories and world economic forces. For example, for northern bleached softwood kraft, which is considered a global benchmark pulp grade, market price went from 840/t ia 1990 down to 440/t ia 1993 as a result of oversupply and worldwide recession (3). By 1995 virtually all of the price losses had been recovered. 

Electronic coatings are of significant economic importance, as are the finished products in which they go. The worldwide total value of the resulting products is 500 biUion. Table 1 provides a geographic breakdown. The annual electronics coatings market value is estimated to be 5 biUion. These coatings are manufactured in several countries. Some of the principal manufacturers of electronic coatings are... 

The study is based on interviews with about 100 selected companies and insti-tutes/universities. Representatives from companies made up 70% of all interviewees. The study initially predicted a small increase in worldwide turnover according to general economic development. It predicts at the same time, however, that an interaction of an increasing acceptance and a significant improvement of the technical suitability of micro-structured reactors (e.g. for chemical production) could lead to an amplified steep increase of the market turnover also in the short term. 

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