Economic sector

Environmental considerations also were reflected in coal production and consumption statistics, including regional production patterns and economic sector utilization characteristics. Average coal sulfur content, as produced, declined from 2.3% in 1973 to 1.6% in 1980 and 1.3% in 1990. Coal ash content declined similarly, from 13.1% in 1973 to 11.1% in 1980 and 9.9% in 1990. These numbers clearly reflect a trend toward utilization of coal that produces less SO2 and less flyash to capture. Emissions from coal in the 1990s were 14 x 10 t /yr of SO2 and 450 x 10 t /yr of particulates generated by coal combustion at electric utiUties. The total coal combustion emissions from all sources were only slightly higher than the emissions from electric utiUty coal utilization (6). 

Terrestrial ecosystems (plants and animals) under water scarcity suffer from water stress, and aquatic ecosystems of intermittency in water flow. Water scarcity has implications on hydrologic resources and systems coimectivity, as well as negative side-effects on biodiversity, water quality, and river ecosystem functioning. Finally, water scarcity has also direct impacts on citizens and economic sectors that use and depend on water, such as agriculture, tourism, industry, energy and transport. 

Switzerland s authorities and economic sector are working closely together to implement the ORDEA. A uniform enforcement practice and substantial input from the companies are important prerequisites for success, to which their present guidelines will contribute. 

As mentioned earlier, separation of C02 at concentrated sources is easier than from the environment, and carbon capture at upstream decarbonizes many subsequent economic sectors. However, it does require significant changes in the existing infrastructure of power and chemical plants. Furthermore, approximately half of all emissions arise from small, distributed sources. Many of these emitters are vehicles for which onboard capture is not practical. Thus, unless all the existing automobiles are replaced by either hydrogen-powered fuel cell cars or electric cars, the capture of C02 from the air provides another alternative for small mobile emitters. 

The series of Sensors Applications will deal with the use of sensors in the key technical and economic sectors and systems Sensors in Manufacturing, Intelligent Buildings, Medicine and Health Care, Automotive Technology, Aerospace Technology, Environmental Technology and Household Appliances. Each volume will be edited by specialists in the field. Individual volumes may differ in certain respects as dictated by the topic, but the emphasis in each case will be on the process or system in question which sensor is used, where, how and why, and exactly what the benefits are to the user. The process or system itself will of course be outlined and... 

Figure 18.7. Employment effects for the hydrogen high penetration in the structural identity scenario for the different economic sectors of the ten HyWays MS countries.

The Pharmaceutical Industry s Role in the Economic Sector Industrial Policy... 

To be sure, wealth transfers by juries, even if they are random, are insurable if their mean frequency and variance remain relatively constant. The result could be inefficient, however, if the risks of wealth transfers are larger than in other economic sectors and not diversifiable (Sansing and VanDoren 1994). 

Industrial production is a major economic sector in Germany and so industry emissions were and still are important regarding air quality. However, since the 1960s mitigation actions based on national and EU regulations have led to considerable emission reductions, most prominently for (coarse) dust, soot and sulphur dioxide [89], toxic compounds like heavy metals [70] and dioxins [71]. 

Table 1.13. The distribution of C02 emissions due to energy production by economic sector and region (MtC) in 2002-2006. From IEA (2002, 2005a-c, 2007a, b).

Table 1.15. Distribution of C02 emissions by economic sector and region with a prognosis to 2025. From IEA (2005b).

Table 6.2. Examples of socio-economic sectors affected by changes in the cryosphere.

In other economic sectors besides opium, it is common knowledge that overseas Chinese business interests were often... 

Carrying out substance flow analysis of important economic sectors to provide users and consumers with information necessary to develop less polluting and more resource efficient product and processes. 

Instances of "internal colonialism" occur when capitalist categories are applied to noneconomic sectors in a predominantly capitalist society. A passage from the Theories of Surplus-Value states the tendency with exemplary precision ... 

The chemical industry has a long history of product and process innovation and has provided enormous benefits to society. Since the late 19th century the industry has continually developed new products and processes, improved its functionality and cost-effectiveness, and displaced many traditional materials. Its products are now integrated into many economic sectors and it has a history of collaborating with its customers to develop innovative solutions. As a result there has been a dramatic increase in the use of chemicals and plastics, and these have provided tremendous cost savings as well as improved functionality (Sherman, Chapter 4, Section 4.6 of this volume). Safer and more efficient automobiles, and large-scale... 

EU decisions are directed at and are binding upon named addressees, and are not necessarily applicable throughout the EU. Addressees can be individual MS, particular economic sectors or even single organizations. 

The consultants recommendations were to use a two-stage distribution based on recent historic emissions, first allocating to economic sectors and then to installations, to allocate to known planned developments (KPD) from within the sectoral allocation and not to make adjustments for competitiveness impacts or early action. Recent years had the advantage of accounting for recent economic growth and provided transparency through verification, something that could not be achieved by the use of projections. 

The EPA adopted the basic recommendations of the consultants, and developed a full distributional methodology. The two-stage process was maintained with all sectoral allocations being calculated on a pro-rata basis from emissions from installations in that sector in the years 2002 and 2003. However unlike the consultants recommendation to use economic sectors it was considered more appropriate to conduct the sectoral breakdown on the basis of the activities (Annex I of the Directive) for which the installation had been permitted. The only installations included in this calculation would be those issued with a GHG emission permit. This specifically excluded the peat-fired power stations, which would not be operational in 2005, and other industries that closed, including a large fertiliser manufacturing plant. A further... 

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