EBONEX

Ebert-Merza-acid Ebert-Merzb-acid EBEX EBMa.x Ebonex... 

A comparison of weight loss during unpolarized immerision tests in various electrolytes [85, 89] for Ebonex and titanium metal electrodes is given below. 

Electrochemical oxidation is clean, and is, in the presence of activating groups, efficient. The lack of stability of commonly used anodes (except Ebonex, Sect. 2.3) often limits its use. Hydrogen peroxide is an ad hoc expensive oxidant... 

Clarke RL (1993) Applications of Ebonex electrode materials in environmental processes, Electrochem Processing, Innovations and Progress, April 21-23, Glasgow... 

The modern material Ebonex is a mixture of substoichiometric titanium oxides Ti40y, TisOg. .. Tin02n-i ( Magneli phases [32]). It offers a unique combination of electrical conductivity and corrosion resistance. Primarily, Ebonex is produced as a powder. As is usual for ceramics, the ready-formed material is hard and brittle, the possibilities of machining are restricted (diamond tools). 

Common carrier materials will be, for example, carbon, glassy carbon, or Ebonex , but for practical and industrial... 

Protection layers between the titanium metal and the electrocatalytic coating, for example, of substoichiometric titanium oxides (see Ebonex above), increase the stability by shielding the metal, for example, to avoid the formation of insulating titanium dioxide layers on the metal [35]. The preparation of such electrodes with optimal properties usually needs the special know-how of commercial suppliers. 

A number of oxides have significanf elecfronic conductivity at low temperature and have been studied as possible fuel cell cafalyst supporfs. Reduced forms of Ti02 (e.g., Ebonex, Ti407) have been cafalyzed with Pt although... 

Kotsinaris et al. 1998), while on Ag and Pt cathodes methane was the main product. Rondinini et al. (2004) observed the preferential formation of methane from poly-chloromethane on silver in ACN, DMF and aquo-organic solvents. Trichloroethene and trichloromethane were hydrodehalogenated in aqueous solution at different pHs by Chen et al. (2003) on platinized and palladized ceramic (ebonex) supports. Main reaction products were ethane, ethene and HC1 for the former substrate, and methane and HC1 for the latter. In a preceding study (Chen et al. 1999) in oxidative conditions, they observed the parallel degradation to carbon-containing products (mainly CO2) and, in neutral or alkaline pH, Cr/CI()3 as the only chloro-containing products. 

Ebonex electrodes — When Ti02 is placed into an atmosphere of hydrogen at a temperature higher than 1000 °C partial reduction and formation of Ti02 x phases occurs. Of particular interest is Ti407, a black ceramic material of high electrical conductivity and chemical inertness. This material, Ebonex, has been formed into ceramic electrodes for applications as -+ dimension-ally stable anode [ii] or - cathode [iii]. 

Refs. [i] Hay field PCS (2002) Development of a new material Monolithic Ti4 O7 ebonex ceramic. The Royal Society of Chemistry, London [ii] Graves JE, Pletcher D, Clarke RL, Walsh EC (1992) J Appl Elec-trochem 22 200 [iii] Chen G, Betterton EA, Arnold RG, Ela WP (2003) J Appl Electrochem 33 161... 

Graves et al. showed that the current efficiency for ozone evolution on Pb02-plated Ebonex (conducting ceramic material composed of Magneli phase titanium... 

The Ebonex ceramic anode has been used to study the electrolytic oxidation of trichloroethylene to CO2, CO, Cl , and ClOa [19]. Ebonex and Pb02-coated Ebonex electrodes were used for the electrochemical treatment of phenolic pollutants in water [20]. 

Gunnar RD and Langer SH. Comparisons of Ebonex and graphite supports for platinum and nickel electrocatalysts. Electrochim Acta 1998 44 437 44. 

Park S-Y, Chi EO, Kwon YU, Park HE, and Mho S-I. Characteristics of Pt thin films on the conducting ceramics TiO and Ebonex (Ti407) as electrode materials. Thin Solid Films 1995 258(Suppl. l-2) 5-9. 

Eamdon EE and Pletcher D. Studies of platinized Ebonex electrodes. Electrochim Acta 1997 42(Suppl. 8) 1281-1285. 

Ebonex is a conducting ceramic material mainly composed of the Magneli-phase titanium oxides, Ti407 and TisOg, resistant to anodic corrosion in a wide range of media. Electrodeposition of a metal changes the low electron transfer rates of the ceramic material to that of the bulk metal [169]. 

This process was developed further with packed-bed techniques. A limitation is that the particle size had to be reduced and this was carried out by the ultrasonic irradiation of the mixture before electrolysis. The average particle size was 25 p.m. A detailed analysis of the material balance was made [37], Ebonex reduced TiC>2 coated with SnC>2 doped with Sb2C>3 was found to be the best anode materials. A 1996 model cell is shown in Figure 1.20 [38]. 

Cosmic Blacks. [Ebonex] Bone black pigments. 

UnivorsaL [Ebonex] Ammonium bicarbonate, carbonate, or carbamate. 

Miller Folk R. R., Noftle R. E. and Pletcher D. J. (1989) Electron transfer reactions at Ebonex ceramic electrodes. J. electroanalyt. Chem. 274, 257-261. 

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