Ebonex powder

Fig. 24.17 SEM images (Prof. Radenka Marie, University of Connecticut) of Ebonex powder dispersed on carbon tape...

Early research on Ebonex, including its discovery in 1981, has been described by Hayfield, who noted that an impetus for its development was to find an electrode material that would be resistant to highly corrosive environments [1], As a ceramic material, Ebonex powder can be sintered into a variety of shapes and also porosities [2],... 

In 2009, Atraverda achieved a bipolar element, Ebonex , that meets the bipolar design requirements by combining Ebonex powder with thermoset resins and lead alloy foil. Ebonex powder is a titanium suboxide material that has an electrical conductivity comparable to that of carbon and a high oxidation resistance. The Ebonex is a bipole element that serves as both the support structure and divider for the positive and negative electrode paste material. 

The modern material Ebonex is a mixture of substoichiometric titanium oxides Ti40y, TisOg. .. Tin02n-i ( Magneli phases [32]). It offers a unique combination of electrical conductivity and corrosion resistance. Primarily, Ebonex is produced as a powder. As is usual for ceramics, the ready-formed material is hard and brittle, the possibilities of machining are restricted (diamond tools). 

These reduced phases Ti 02n i have been known as Magneli phases and are synthesized from Ti02 by reduction in ultrahigh vacuum [309,310]. Their crystal structure is understood by considering the introduction of oxygen vacancies into the rutile framework in an ordered manner. A powder containing mainly Ti407 is commercially available (Ebonex). 

FIGURE 3.50 Change in x-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern with heat treatment of commercial Ti 02 i powder (Ebonex) with or without poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) (refer to Table 3.7). X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern for ST-01 is also shown for comparison. 

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