National Earthquake Hazards

BSSC-Building Seismic Safety Council. 2001. NEHRP (National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program) Recommended Provisions for Seismic Regulations for new buildings and other structures, 2000 Edition, Part 1 Provisions (FEMA 368), Ch. 4, Washington, D.C. 

The commentary to the 2003 National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP) Provisions (BSSC 2003) states that isolated... 

Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Models, Fig. 4 Example of a deaggregation for the city of Christchurch derived from the New Zealand national seismic hazard model (Stirling et al. 2012). The deaggregation plot identifies two relevant classes of earthquakes that dominate the hazard of the city earthquakes of M5-6.0 at distances of less than 10 km to the city and M6.0-7.5 at distances of 10-50 km. These classes of earthquakes encompass all of the major earthquakes of the Canterbury 2010-2012 earthquake sequence, despite the model being developed prior to initiation of the sequence... 

Estimation of losses in urban areas from future earthquakes is essential for disaster preparedness and decision making at the local, regional and national levels of government. The process of loss estimation due to earthquakes involves different analyses, such as seismic hazard assessment, estimation of earthquake characteristics on the ground surface, vulnerability and fragility analyses of structures and human casualties. Various numerical and empirical methods have been developed over the past years to perform each of these analyses yet, few attempts have been made to combine the whole process into a single computer code. 

FEMA-National Institute of Building Sciences. HAZUS-MH MRl. 2003. Multi-hazard Loss Estimation Methodology Earthquake Model. Washington, DC. 

In the nineties, the CivU Protection legislation was the first one to relate both natural hazards and spatial and urban planning. The Civil Protection Basic Standard (1992) establishes that all Spanish regions must have a flood civil protection plan. The phenomena associated to floods, such as mass movements, should be considered too. A seismic civil protection plan must also be done by the Autonomous Communities with intensity-over-6 areas as shown on the Spanish Seismic Hazard Map developed by the National Geographic Institute. The earthquake-induced mass movements should also be considered. The Canary Islands, for... 

The public transportation industry has to cope with many threats, all of which have the potential for disrupting local communities, causing casualties, and damaging and destroying public and private property. At the national level, the industry will most likely be affected by several major disasters each year, such as earthquakes, floods, tornadoes, hazardous materials spills, major accidents, fires, violent crime, and potential terrorist acts. 

Bakir PG (2004) Proposal of a national mitigation strategy against earthquakes in Turkey. Nat Hazards 33(3) 405 25... 

In ECS the earthquake motion at a site is represented by an elastic response spectmm in terms of spectral acceleration values (Annex A of ECS Part 1 additionally represents seismic action in the form of an elastic displacement response spectrum). The shape of the elastic response spectrum for each country may be found in its National Aimex, and it is the same for the two levels of seismic performance, i.e., for the no-collapse requirement as well as for the damage limitation requirement. It is also noted that in selecting the appropriate shape of the spectrum, consideration should be given to the magnitude of earthquakes that contribute most to the seismic hazard as defined in PSHA, rather than on conservative upper limits (e.g., the maximum credible earthquake). Regarding magnitude, two types of spectra are recommended,... 

The values of T, Tc, Tp, and S for the five standard ground types A to E are meant to be defined by each country in the National Annex to Eurocode 8, depending on the magnitude of earthquakes contributing the most to the hazard. The geological conditions at the site may also be taken into account, in addition to the properties of the top 30 m of ground, to determine these values. 

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