Early times

This mineral, which in its transparent varieties is a most beautiful and costly gem, has been known from early times. 

The population in the upper state as a flinction of time is shown in figure A1.6.2. There are several important things to note. At early times, resonant and non-resonant excitation produce the same population in the upper state because, for short times, the population in the upper state is independent of the Rabi frequency ... 

In figure A3.3.9 the early-time results of the interface fonnation are shown for = 0.48. The classical spinodal corresponds to 0.58. Interface motion can be simply monitored by defining the domain boundary as the location where i = 0. Surface tension smooths the domain boundaries as time increases. Large interconnected clusters begin to break apart into small circular droplets around t = 160. This is because the quadratic nonlinearity eventually outpaces the cubic one when off-criticality is large, as is the case here. 

Figure A3.3.9 Time dependence of die domain boundary morphology for j = 0.48. Here the domam boundary is the location where / = 0. The evolution is shown for early-time t values of (a) 50, (b) 100, (c) 150, (d) 200, (e) 250 and (f) 300. From [29].

Nomenclature is the compilation of descriptions of things and technical terms in a special field of knowledge, the vocabulary ofa technical language. In the history of chemistry, a systematic nomenclature became significant only rather late. In the early times of alchemy, the properties of the substance or its appearance played a major role in giving a compound a name. Libavius was the first person who tried to fix some kind of nomenclature in Alckeinia in 1,597. In essence, he gave names to chemical equipment and processes (methods, names that are often still valid in our times. 

Ger. Weisse Masse, white mass later Wisuth and Bisemutum) In early times bismuth was confused with tin and lead. Claude Geoffroy the Younger showed it to be distinct from lead in 1753. 

Cells of microorganisms have constituted a portion of human food siace ancient times. Yeast-leavened baked products contain the residual nutrients from the yeast cells destroyed duriag bakiag (see Bakery processes and leavening agents). Cultured dairy products, such as yogurt, buttermilk, and sour cream, contain up to lO cells of lactic acid bacteria per gram (19) (see Milk and milkproducts). Other examples of fermented foods consumed siace early times iaclude fermented meats, fish, and soybean products. 

Natural gas and its combustion properties appear to have been known since early times (2). Some early temples of worship were located in areas where gas was seeping from the ground or from springs, and it is reported that Julius Caesar saw a phenomenon called the "burning spring" near Grenoble, France. Gas wells were drilled in Japan as early as 615 AD and in 900 AD the Chinese employed bamboo tubes to transport natural gas to their salt works, where the heat was used to evaporate water from salt brine. The existence of natural gas in the United States was reported by early setders who observed gas seeps and columns of fire in the Ohio Valley and the Appalachian area in 1775 (3). 

In Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. Amino acid transfusion has been widely used since early times to maintain basic nitrogen metaboHsm when proteinaceous food caimot be eaten. It was very difficult to prepare a pyrogen-free transfusion from protein hydrolysates. Since the advances in L-amino acid production, the crystalline L-amino acids have been used and the problem of pyrogen in transfusion has been solved. The formulation of amino acid transfusion has been extensively investigated, and a solution or mixture in which the ratio between essential and nonessential amino acid is 1 1, has been widespread clinically. Special amino acid mixtures (eg, branched chain amino acids-enriched solution) have been developed for the treatment of several diseases (93). 

Mine Production of Silver. World production of silver by region is given in Table 3. Some 900,000 metric tons are estimated to have been mined since early times. By the year 1500 world mine production was about 50 t/yr. In 1992 world production exceeded 14,900 metric tons. EoUowing the breakup of tfie Soviet Union, previously undisclosed data showed that the USSR led wodd silver production during 1979—1980 at about 1550 metric tons. During the early 1990s the production in this region exceeded 2000 t/yr. 

In early times hydrogen cyanide was manufactured from beet sugar residues and recovered from coke oven gas. These methods were replaced by the Castner process in which coke and ammonia were combined with Hquid sodium to form sodium cyanide. If hydrogen cyanide was desired, the sodium cyanide was contacted with an acid, usually sulfuric acid, to Hberate hydrogen cyanide gas, which was condensed for use. This process has since been supplanted by large-scale plants, using catalytic synthesis from ammonia and hydrocarbons. 

In Fig. 5.2(f) (the highest stress) an early time current spike is apparent. Other records show this behavior more clearly. The impact-time spike shows... 

The common hemlock, Conium maculatum, contain five alkaloids. Power and Tutin found a similar mixture in fool s parsley, and a volatile alkaloid resembling coniine i.s stated to occur in certain aroids. According to Svagr, water hemlock Cicuta virosa) owes its poisonous properties to toxin and not to cicutine, a name sometimes used as a synonym for coniine. The toxic properties of hemlock juice have been known ftom very early times thus it was the chief ingredient in the poison administered to criminals by the Greeks. The leaves and the unripe fruits are the parts used in medicine. The following are the names and formulae of the alkaloids —... 

SWCNT is synthesized by co-evaporation of carbon and catalyst (mostly metals) in arc discharge. In early time, Fe [3], Co [4], Ni [8, 10] or rare-earth element [10] was employed as the catalyst (see Fig. 7). In these syntheses, however, the yield of SWCNT was quite low. In the improved method, the catalyst consisting of more than one element such as Co-Pt [12,13] or Ni-Y [14] is used to increase the yield of SWCNT (e.g., more than 75 % with Ni-Y [14]). 

Graphically Eq. (3-37) represents the logarithm of the differences between the experimental cb values at early times and the values extrapolated from late times. The plots of Eqs (3-36) and (3-37) should have the same intercepts and their slopes... 

In early times 70/30 brass condenser tubes failed by dezincification and Admiralty brass (70Cu-29Zn-lSn) was brought into use. This proved little better, but some time later the addition of arsenic was found to inhibit dezincification. Failures of Admiralty brass by impingement attack became a serious problem, particularly as cooling water speeds increased with the development of the steam turbine. The introduction of alloys resistant to this type of attack was a great step forward and immediately reduced the incidences of failure. 

The globally optimal laser field for this example is presented in Fig. 2. The field is relatively simple with structure at early times, followed by a large peak with a nearly Gaussian profile. Note that the control formalism enforces no specific structure on the field a priori. That is, the form of the field is totally unconstrained during the allotted time interval, so simple solutions are not guaranteed. Also shown in Fig. 2 is the locally optimal... 

The statistic models consider surface roughness as a stochastic process, and concern the averaged or statistic behavior of lubrication and contact. For instance, the average flow model, proposed by Patir and Cheng [2], combined with the Greenwood and Williamsons statistic model of asperity contact [3] has been one of widely accepted models for mixed lubrication in early times. 

In the early time, the excellent gas permeability seemed to make them promising to be contact lenses. However, the poor hydrophilicity of silicone elastomers diminished their apparent utility. 

No version of micellar entry theory has been proposed, which is able to explain the experimentally observed leveling off of the particle number at high and low surfactant concentrations where micelles do not even exist. There is a number of additional experimental data that refute micellar entry such as the positively skewed early time particle size distribution (22.), and the formation of Liesegang rings (30). Therefore it is inappropriate to include micellar entry as a particle formation mechanism in EPM until there is sufficient evidence to do so. 

Yucel T, Micklitsch CM, Schneider JP et al (2008) Direct observation of early-time hydrogelation in beta-hairpin peptide self-assembly. Macromolecules 41 5763-5772... 

Because these results suggest that extracellular Na is required for inhibition of EGF binding by palytoxin in these cells, we determined if palytoxin caused Na influx in Swiss 3T3 cells. When Na influx was monitored at an early time point (7 min), it was found that palytoxin causes an influx of Na and that the rate of Na influx is dose dependent (Figure 6). In parallel with its effect on EGF binding, palytoxin at different doses increases intracellular Na to the same final level (42). Although Na influx occurs prior to the inhibition of EGF binding, these results and the apparent Na dependence of the palytoxin effect suggest a role for Na in the action of palytoxin on the EGF receptor. 

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