Early histoiy

Little is known about the early histoiy of tisanes, but it is likely that they were already prepared in ancient times. Specific healing effects were recognized for a few plants, and it was also discovered that hot water enhances the extraction of the active ingredients. 

Brief Examples Microfiltration is the oldest and largest membrane field. It was important economically when other disciphnes were struggling for acceptance, yet because of its incredible diversity and lack of large apphcations, it is the most difficult to categorize. Nonetheless, it has had greater membrane sales than all other membrane applications combined throughout most of its histoiy. The early... 

Sardinia was constmcted during a long and complex geodynamic evolutionary histoiy. One of the most important geological events is the Her cynian orogeny, which occurred during Carboniferous-Early Permian time... 

Over 30 years of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) research has resulted in a considerable number of different interfaces (Ch. 3.2). A variety of LC-MS interfaces have been proposed and built in the various research laboratories, and some of them have been adapted by instmment manufacturers and became commercially available. With the advent in the early 1990 s of interfaces based on atmospheric-pressure ionization (API), most of these interfaces have become obsolete. However, in order to appreciate LC-MS, one carmot simply ignore these earlier developments. This chapter is devoted to the older LC-MS interfaces, which is certainly important in understanding the histoiy and development of LC-MS. Attention is paid to principles, instrumentation, and application of the capillary inlet, pneumatic vacuum nebulizers, the moving-belt interface, direct liquid introduction, continuous-flow fast-atom bombardment interfaces, thermospray, and the particle-beam interface. More elaborate discussions on these interfaces can be found in previous editions of this book. 

Carbonaceous chondrites generally include many kinds of organics, which may have been abiotically synthesized and may record the early thermal histoiy of the solar system. Predominant organic materials detected in carbonaceous chondrites are aromatic polymers—two-, three-, and four-ring PAHs such as naphthalene, phenanthrene, pyrene, and chrysene [149]. Moreover, carbonaceous chondrites include volatile aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene [42]. 

Truesdell was a true leader in mechanics in general, and in the history of mechanics in particular. He also was editor of two journals, namely Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis fiem 1957, and the Archive for History of Exact Sciences from 1960. He served as co-editor of various volumes of the Handbuch filr Physik from 1956 to 1974. He published 26 monographs, almost 300 scientific papers as also numerous Essays and book reviews. He had a broad mind and a wide cultural background so that he was a master in cultural histoiy fix)m early times up to the 18 century. He also edited the four volumes on Leonhard Euler. 

The notable human tolerance toward dioxin probably lias its roots in histoiy. Dioxin was found in 8000-year old sediments in Japan and dioxin levels of 30 ppt were detected in 170-year old soil samples from Rothamsted, England (90 ppt was the measured level in 1995). Industrial development obviously increased the amounts of dioxin, but its origin in the early or pre-historical samples is a much more interesting question. In 1977, evidence was found that dioxins are formed regularly in combustion processes. Wood contains about 0.2% of chlorine in the form of chloride salts, some of which is transformed into dioxins during burning. About 5 billion t of wood are burnt annually on Earth, which may form about 551 of dioxin. The human body has learnt to tolerate dioxins in small amoimts. 

I brief accounts of the histoiy of capillarity befmeLaptace, see Hardy, W.B. Nature 109, 375 (1922) and Bikerman, J. J. Arch. Hist exact ScL U, 103 (1978). This early perM and the next durty years were fully covered in a... 

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