Early biomarkers

Because hexachlorobenzene can interfere with porphyrin metabolism and produce chemical porphyria, the evaluation of the urinary porphyrin pattern has been proposed as an early biomarker of effect (San Martin et al., 1977 Schmid, I960, 1966 Wray et al., 1962). However, apart from an outbreak of chemical porphyria which occurred in Turkey in the 1950s following ingestion of hexachlorobenzene-contaminated food, cases of chemical porphyria among... 

Biomarkers of Disease. No biomarkers are known that are specific for BCME-induced lung injury. Standard chemical examination of nose and throat can provide an index of local irritation, and examination of sputum for abnormal cell types can provide information on the state of the respiratory epithelium. However, these tests cannot distinguish BCME-induced effects from effects caused by smoking or exposure to other chemicals, and can only discover changes after damage to the tissue has already occurred. Continued efforts to devise more sensitive and more specific early biomarkers of disease (especially lung cancer) would be valuable. 

Lopez-Pedrera, C., Villalba, J.M., Siendones, E., Barbarroja N., Gomez-Diaz, C., Rodriguez-Ariza, A., Buendia, P., Torres, A., and F. Velasco, 2006, Proteomic analysis of acute myeloid leukemia Identification of potential early biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Proteomics Suppl 1 S293-9. 

Continued research into the development of sensitive and specific early biomarkers of exposure and effect for DEHP would be valuable for both adults and children. There are no pediatric-specific methods to reduce peak absorption for DEHP following exposure, to reduce body burdens, or to interfere with the mechanism of action. Based on the information available, it is reasonable to assume that methods recommended for treating adults will also be applicable to children. 

Ding FI, Fie Y, Li K, Yang J, Li X, Lu R, Gao W. Urinary neutrophol gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is an early biomarker for renal tubulaointerstitial injury in IgA nephropathy. Clin Immunol 2007 123 227-234. 

NGAL may represent a sensitive early biomarkers of renal impairment after PCi. int J Cardiol. 2007 Jun 11,. 

Numerous neuroendocrine biomarkers correlate with severity of cardiac dysfunction. Heart failure is associated with increase in peripheral vascular resistance due to increases in sympathetic tone, norepinephrine, renin, angiotensin II, arginine vasopressin, and endothelin-1. The increased venous pressure causes atrial distension that stimulates production and release of atrial and brain natriuretic peptides (ANP, BNP) from the atria and ventricles, respectively. ANP inhibits the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. In humans and mammals, BNP has been found to be an early biomarker of left ventricular hypertrophy developing with doxorubicin cardiotoxicity, congestive heart failure, or occult dilated cardiomyopathy (Erkus et al. 2006 Walker 2006 Oyama, Sisson, and Solter 2007). 

III. EARLY BIOMARKERS GENE EXPRESSION, NOVEL TARGETS... 

Proteome analysis of HCC is an emerging area of research in the discoveiy of novel proteins as early biomarkers for diagnosis and potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of HCC. Although numerous publications have appeared on the gene expression analysis of HCC by cDNA microarrays, there is still a need to analyze the differentially... 

Early detection of the response of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) to microsphere brachytherapy may be important to permit repeat radioemboliza-tion or to alter treatment strategies. Water-mobility measurements with use of diffusion-weighted MRl appear useful for noninvasive interrogation of microstructural tissue properties. Findings of diffusion-weighted MRl may serve as an early biomarker of HCC response and represents a promising technique for non-invasive assessment of tumor response after radioembolization [11]. 

Dias MC, Vieiralves NE, Gomes MI, Salvador DM, Rodrigues MA, Barbisan LF (2010) Effects of lycopene, synbiotic and their association on early biomarkers of rat colon carcinogenesis. Eood Chem Toxicol 48 772-780... 

Arsenic-induced oxidative stress is well established and is known to play important role in onset or progression of various pathological manifestations. Various oxidative stress-related markers may not prove to be specific biomarkers in arsenic toxicity but they may contribute as important parameters to diagnose early signs of arsenic-induced adverse effects [23 ]. A study with 157 participants in China demonstrated a positive correlation between the levels of serum thioredoxinl and the total water arsenic intake or the levels of urinary arsenic species. Authors suggested that since changes in human serum thioredoxinl can be detected before arsenic-specific dermatological symptoms, it may serve as an early biomarker for the same [24 ]. 

A Cd biomarker is any substance or molecule that can serve as an indicator of the functional state or level of toxic injury in an organism, organ, tissue or cell [190]. Practically, sampling of Cd biomarkers should be easy and without expensive, invasive or damaging procedures because it should be apphed to large populations. Measurements should be limited to urine (and/or blood) samples because the kidney is the sentinel of Cd toxicity [190] (see Section 4.3.1). For the above reasons a recent suggestion to measure renal autophagy as an early biomarker of subtoxic Cd exposure is not practical [412]. 

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