E-business models

EPD models at the detailed scheduling level. As we mentioned in Section 1, in a direct-sell e-business model, production and distribution operations are linked directly without any intermediate step of inventory typically seen in a traditional business model. Consequently, joint consideration of production and distribution decisions at the detailed scheduling level becomes critical in order to achieve short delivery lead time at minimum cost. Unfortunately, few models we have reviewed study joint production-distribution decisions at the job scheduling level. All the scheduling models reviewed in Section 7 make some special assumptions such as no transportation time, no transportation cost, an infinite number of delivery vehicles or one delivery vehicle, etc. Much research is needed in this area to investigate problems with these assumptions relaxed so that the models are more applicable to real-world situations. 

Similarly, the Internet and the emerging e-business models have produced expectations that many supply chain problems will be resolved merely by using these new technology and business models. Whilst it has promised so much in reality the expectations have not been achieved. In many cases the downfall of some of the highest profile Internet businesses has been attributed to their logistics strategies. 

Finally, we see how a very few Level-5 firms have taken the time and expended the effort to create full network connectivity through design and implementation of e-business models that span a single inter-enterprise network. With these most advanced models, we look at the future state of supply chain modeling and what it holds for those needing to be in the frontmost position. 

Electronic marketplace/E-commerce In addition to the many databases available and person-to-person contacts, E-commerce in plastics has been conducted through suppliers web sites or the dot-commerce independent web sites that link material buyers with sellers in transactions or auction formats. During the year 2000 five plastic producers/suppliers and various elastomer producers/suppliers created a new and important business model of a joint-venture web site. It provides multiple companies to join forces to do business. This is a strategy some observers call competition and others regard as just another form of selling in. an electronic format. Regardless of how it is perceived, the model will help propel e-commerce into the mainstream of processor procurement due to the size and wealth of the companies involved. The plastic model example is the largest online business-to-business site todate. 

Existing relational or entity-relational (E-R) models These provide a quick start on the terminology and some of the candidate object types in the business. However, because of the mores or normalization and the exclusive focus on stored data, these models can often be considerably simplified to build a type model. Where used, triggers and stored procedures often encode many business rules. 

An alternate approach is to start minimalist the initial type model is not known i.e. empty, and you draw elements from the business model into the system type model as you uncover a need for them in describing the system behaviors. 

For the materiality standard, we chose 5 % - that is, the total amount of accounts receivable must be greater than 5% of sales for the test to apply. The impact of this materiality test was to retain some large companies (e.g. grocery stores) in our model whose business model had non-material amounts of accounts receivable but that had greater than 10% growth rate of accounts receivable compared to sales growth for 1997-2002. 

The unit of payment is of high importance in Chemical Leasing. In contrast to traditional business models the basis of payment is not the amount of the chemical used (e.g., in per ton) but functional units like "m2 cleaned surface". 

For each solution, the question will be asked "What is needed for realisation ". By this means, the necessary "hard" and "soft" pre-conditions will be determined (e.g. new partners, specialists, choice of business management, different company culture,. ..) In a further step, these pre-conditions defined are further described by a timeframe "When will it be possible " During discussion, tasks necessary to clarify pre-conditions will be continually noted. Wherever there are potential improvements described, which cannot be optimised in-house, links to new business models like Chemical Leasing are established. 

Define the unit of payment, which is directly related to the functions performed by a chemical, e.g. metal pieces degreased, m3 water cleaned. Carry out a detailed cost benefit analysis (CBA) to evaluate the expected environmental and economic savings of the ChL business model. 

During the contract period the companies are obliged to report to the expert or NCPC on the progress of implementation (e.g., number of coated articles per months, problems faced during the implementation, etc.) on a monthly basis. The collected data will be analysed on a regular basis and used as a basis to evaluate and eventually to improve the Chemical Leasing business model. 

Finally, more new players will start to enter the market. These may be either incumbents experimenting with new business models and new market spaces such as DuPont, or there may be new players. We basically see three types of new entrants emerging functional speciahsts (i.e., infrastructure providers such as Vo-pak), market brokers such as CheMatch or Omnexus, or financial investors such as CVC and The Sterling Group. 

Schoop, M., Koller, J., List, T., Quix, C. A three-phase model of electronic marketplaces for software components in chemical engineering. In Schmid, B., Stanoevska-Slabeva, K., Tschammer, V. (eds.) Towards the E-Society, Proceedings of the First IFIP Conference on E-Commerce E-Government, E-Business, Zurich, Switzerland, pp. 507-522. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (2001)... 

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