Dye FD C Red

CARBOXYPHENYl)-6-HYDROXY-2,4,5,7-TETRAIODO-3-ISOXANTHONE CILEFAPINKB D CREDNO. 3 DOLKWAL ERYTHROSINE DYE FD C RED NO. 3 ERYTHROSIN MAPLE ERYTHROSINE 2 4, 5, 7 -TETRAIODOFLUORESCEIN, DISODIUM SALT TETRAIODOFLUORESCEIN SODIUM SALT USACERT RED NO. 3... 

Ingredients Calcium Carbonate, Microcrystalline Cellulose, Magnesium Oxide, Ferrous Fumarate, Ascorbic Acid, Maltodextrin, Gelatin, dl-Alpha-Tocopheryl Acetate, Dicalcium Phosphate Less than 2% of Beta-Carotene, Biotin, Cholecalciferol, Croscarmellose Sodium, Cupric Oxide, Cyanocobalamin, D-Calcium Pantothenate, FD C Red 40 Dye, FD C Red 40 Lake, FD C Yellow 6 Lake, Folic Acid, Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose, Niacinamide, Polyethylene Glycol, Polysorbate 80, Potassium Iodide, Pyridoxine Flydrochloride, Riboflavin, Silicon Dioxide, Soybean Oil, Starch, Stearic Acid, Thiamine Mononitrate, Titanium Dioxide (color), Vitamin A Acetate, Zinc Oxide... 

Because the synthetic dyes used in foods and beverages are bright colors, leaving a visible discoloration on a textile, the stain-resist drive focused first on synthetic food colors. A red dye, FD C Red 40 found in beverages, became the standard test substance. 

The FD C certified colors are all water-soluble dyes, but can be transformed into insoluble pigments known as lakes by precipitating the dyes with alurninum, calcium, or magnesium salts on a substrate of aluminum hydroxide. The lakes are useful in appHcations that require color whereas in dry form, such as cake mixes, or where water may be present and bleeding is a problem, such as food packaging. FD C Red Lake No. 3 was deHsted in Febmary... 

In the early 1950s, a number of cases of sickness occurred in children who had reportedly eaten candy and popcorn colored with excessive amounts of dye. As a result of these illnesses, new animal feeding studies were undertaken by the FDA. These studies were conducted at higher levels and for longer test periods than any experiments previously conducted and resulted in unfavorable findings for FD C Orange No. 1, FD C Orange No. 2, and FD C Red No. 32. 

FD C Red No. 40. This monoa2o dye (5) is manufactured by coupling dia2oti2ed 5-amino-4-methoxy-2-toluenesulfonic with 6-hydroxy-2-naphtha-lenesulfonic acid. FD C Red No. 40 is also known as Allura Red or Cl Food Red 17. Its chemical identity is principally the disodium salt of 6-hydroxy-5-[(2-methoxy-5-methyl-4-sulfophenyl)a2o]-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid, which has the formula C gH 4N20gS2Na2, and mol wt 496.43. 

The soluble azo dyes contain one or more sulfonic acid groups. Their degree of water solubiUty is determined by the number of sulfonic groups present and their position in the molecule. FD C Red No. 40 (5) and D C Orange No. 4 (16) belong in this class. 

FD C Red 40 is used as a coloring agent in a wide array of products, such as orange soda. It is related to several other dyes, including FD C Yellow 6 ... 

Allura red AC (E 129, FD C Red No. 40, Cl Eood Red 17) is a mono azo dye that consists essentially of 6-hydroxy-5-(2-methoxy-5-methyl-4-sulfophenyl) azo-2-naphtalenesulfonic acid sodium salt (or disodium 2-hydroxy-l-(2-methoxy-5-methyl-4sufonato-phenylazo)-naphthalene-6-sulfonate). The calcium and potassium salts are also permitted. 

Erythrosine (E 127, FD C Red No. 3, Cl Food Red 14) is a xanthene dye named disodium salt of 2-(2,4,5,7-tetraiodo-3-oxido-6-oxoxanthen-9-yl)benzoate monohydrate (or disodium salt of 9-(o-carboxyphenyl)-6-hydroxy-2,4,5,7-tetraiodo-... 

Another CE method was developed and employed for the separation of the components of FD C Red No. 3 (erythrosine). The separations were also carried out by RP-HPLC and the efficacy of the methods was compared. The chemical structures of the main components of the dye are shown in Fig. 3.167. The components of erythrosine were separated in a fused-silica capillary (43 cm effective length X 75 /xm i.d.). The running buffer was 50 mM sodium tetraborate, 25 mM SDS (pH 9.3). Analytes were detected at 516 nm. HPLC measurements were realized in an octylsilica column (150 X 4.6 mm i.d. particle size 5 /xm) at 35°C. Solvent A was 0.1 M aqueous ammonium acetate and solvent B consisted of methanol. The gradient programme was 0 min, 55 per cent A 20 min 35 per cent A 21 min, 100 per cent B, final hold, 4 min. The flow rate was 1 ml/min. The separations of the components of the standard mixture (left) and those of a real sample (right) by CE are shown in Fig. 3.168. The electropherograms clearly illustrate that the method allows the baseline separation of the dye components even in real commercial samples. The main... 

In the 1970s. decertification of the important luod colors FD C Reds 2 and 4 caused much concern among manufacturers of foud dyes. With the possibility that other synthetic dyes would be banned present, attention was turned to the use of natural dyes as food colorants. Many such dyes had hecn in use for hundreds of years until they were replaced by synthetic dyes. 

Some potential interfering materials are other red pigments FD C Red No. 40, FD C Red No. 3, cochineal, and beet powder (betalain pigments). The presence of alternative colorants may be suspected if the /wis-max at pH 1.0 is high (550 nm, more typical of betalain pigments), or if a bright red coloration is found at pH 4.5 (potential presence of artificial dyes). 

Fig. 1.2 Demonstration of permeation of FD C Red Dye through collagen gel over 48 h A-D vials represent 95%, 85% and 65% water by weight the diffusion of the dye (consists of red and yellow dyes) is nearly constant regardless of the water concentration...

Optical absorbance detection was also achieved using a CCD-based spectrophotometer. Two food dyes (FD C Blue 1 dye and FD C Red 3 dye) were first separated by open-tubular liquid chromatography and then detected on a PDMS chip. The LODs for the blue and red dyes were determined to be 80 pM and 200 pM, respectively [569]. 

FD C red dye no. 2 is known as amaranth outside the United States. Over the years the originally permitted fat-soluble dyes have been removed from the list of approved dyes, and only water-soluble colors remain on the approved list. 

Everhard ME, Goodhart FW. Stability of certified dyes in tablets I—fading of FD C red No. 3 in tablets as a function of concentration, time, and light intensity. J Pharm Sci 1963 52(3) 281-283. 

Hajratwala BR. Influence of sunscreening agents on color stability of tablets coated with certified dyes I FD C red No. 3. J Pharm Sci 1974 63(1) 129-132. 

The effects of exposure of FD C Red No. 3 solutions to fluorescent, longwave, and shortwave UV sources were studied by Asker and Jackson (94). They found that exposure to fluorescent lighting (from cool white fluorescent tubes) was more detrimental to the stability of the dye solution than either of the other two UV sources studied. Similarly, the same kind of fluorescent radiation caused a higher degree of degradation of adriamycin solutions than either short wave or long wave UV radiation (47). The results of this study are presented in Table 3. 

All soluble dyes contain reactive sites, and some may be incompatible with drug substances in the formulation. The anionic colors can also react with com-poimds containing polyvalent cations (such as calcium, magnesium, or aluminum) and precipitate. Certain dyes, such as FD C blue 2 and FD C red 3, exhibit such poor stability in aqueous solutions that they should never be used for coloring aqueous liquid products. 

There are several other chemicals, which induce pel-liculization of gelatin. These are saccharides, e.g., glucose and aldose sugars imines and ketones dyes like FD C red No. 3 and hydrogen peroxide,... 

Standard pH-zone-refining CCC was applied to the separation of pure components, sometimes multigram quantities, from various halogenated fluorescein (F) dyes such as 4,5,6,7-tetrachloroF, D C Orange No. 5 (mainly 4, 5 -dibromoF), D C Red No. 22 (Eosin Y, mainly the disodium salt of 2, 4, 5, 7 -tetrabromoF), D C Orange No. 10 (mainly 4, 5 -di-iodoF), FD C Red No. 3 (Erythrosine, mainly the... 

Using a modified procedure, the applications of this technique have been extended to the separation of the highly polar disulfonated and trisulfonated components of D C Yellow No. 10 and Yellow No. 203 (the Japanese Quinoline Yellow, Cl 47005) (7) and of other sulfonated dyes such as FD C Yellow No. 6 (Sunset Yellow, Cl 15985), D C Green No. 8 (Pyranine, Cl 59040), and FD C Red No. 40 (Allura Red, Cl 16035). 9. 

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