Textile fabrics treatment dyeing

Textile finishing includes various efforts to improve the properties of textile fabrics, whether for apparel, home, or other end uses. In particular, these processes are directed toward modifying either the fiber characteristics themselves or the gross textile end properties. Such modifications may be chemical or mechanical in nature. One modification that is not covered in this article relates to the dyeing of textiles and the dyestuffs employed for fibers however, areas that involve chemical finishing designed to modify the normal dye receptivity and the growing use of enzyme treatments are included. 

Besides the fabrication of PHA films for oil blotting application, the hydrophobic property of PHA has also led to the use of this material for dye removal via adsorption in textile wastewater treatment. The potential application of PHA films as facial oil adsorbing material suggested that PHA films can also be used to adsorb other hydrophobic compounds. Many textile dyes are hydrophobic and may readily adsorb onto PHA films. Therefore, PHA films maybe used to remove textile dyes from wastewater. Solvent-cast P(3HB) films were found to remove approximately 38 % of color from textile dye wastewater. Electrospun PHA films may show better ability in adsorbing hydrophobic textile dyes. 

Uses Wetting agent, dispersant, emulsifier for processing of yarns and fabrics, consumer detergents, cosmetics, agric., min. processing, pulp/paper, textiles, water treatment textile dyeing horticultural sprays removal of oil slicks... 

In the treatment of woven fabrics for dyeing, waterproofing, sizing, and other procedures, important criteria for evaluation are the speed and completeness of the wetting process. In the textile industry, wetting is taken to mean the submersion of the fabric in an aqueous treating solution, replacing all the air in the cloth structure with the solution. Obviously, if the treatment... 

Patent Textile Soaps.—Stockhausen (Eng. Pat. 24,868, 1897) makes special claim for a soap, termed Monopole Soap, to be used in place of Turkey-red oils in the dyeing and printing of cotton goods and finishing of textile fabrics. The soap is prepared by heating the sulphonated oil (obtained on treatment of castor oil with sulphuric acid) with alkali, and it is stated that the product is not precipitated when used in the dye-bath as is ordinary soap, nor is it deposited upon the fibres. 

Textile fabrics receive a number of chemical and physical treatments before they are made into a final product. From formaldehyde finishes to improve crease resistance to flame-retardant treatment and dyeing of many types of fabrics, the possibilities for the application of dyeing and finishing processes to change the characteristics of textile materials are almost endless. Recent advances in nanomaterials have led to the development of treatments based on metallic nanoparticles for making textiles more resistant to water, stains, wrinkles, and pathogens such as bacteria and fungi. 

Textile fabric may also be treated with isolated CBMs or CBMs fused with other molecules or enzymes. Banka et al. demonstrated that a fibril-forming protein from T. reesei causes non-hydrolytic disruption of cotton fibers [150]. Lee et al. obtained images, by atomic force microscopy, of holes left in cotton fibers treated with inactivated CBH I. The holes are attributed to the penetration of fibers by the binding domain [151]. It has been shown that the surface of ramie cotton is roughened by treatments with CBM2 from C. fimi. Gilkes et al proposed that the treatment of cellulosic fibers with CBMs could be used in order to alter the dyeing characteristics of cellulose fibers [152]. Indeed, it was showed that CBM treatment increased the dye affinity of cotton fibers, especially in the case of acid dyes [153]. 

The conventional dyeing of textiles consumes large quantities of water. While much of this water may be recovered, wastewater treatment imposes significant costs. In addition, the hydrophobicity of many synthetic fabrics necessitates the use of dispersing agents and surfactants in the dyeing liquor (Saus et al., 1993). One possible solution to these problems is the use of sc C02 as the solvent. 

Pores accessible to water molecules are not necessarily accessible to chemical agents. Chemical modification is required to impart many desired properties to cotton fabric. These include color, permanent press, flame resistance, soil release, and antimicrobial properties to name a few. Thus, a knowledge of cotton s accessibility under water-swollen conditions to dyes and other chemical agents of various sizes is required for better control of the various chemical treatments applied to cotton textiles. 

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