Dust antimony

Copper sulfate, in small amounts, activates the zinc dust by forming zinc—copper couples. Arsenic(III) and antimony(TTT) oxides are used to remove cobalt and nickel they activate the zinc and form intermetaUic compounds such as CoAs (49). Antimony is less toxic than arsenic and its hydride, stibine, is less stable than arsine and does not form as readily. Hydrogen, formed in the purification tanks, may give these hydrides and venting and surveillance is mandatory. The reverse antimony procedure gives a good separation of cadmium and cobalt. 

By-Product and Secondary Antimony. Antimony is often found associated with lead ores. The smelting and refining of these ores yield antimony-hearing flue, baghouse, and CottreH dusts, drosses, and slags. These materials may be treated to recover elemental antimony or antimonial lead from which antimony oxide or sodium antimonate may be produced. 

Although metallic antimony may be handled freely without danger, it is recommended that direct skin contact with antimony and its alloys be avoided. Properly designed exhaust ventilation systems and/or approved respirators are required for operations that create dusts or fumes. As with other heavy metals, orderly housekeeping practice and good personal hygiene are necessary to prevent ingestion of (or exposure to) antimony. 

Antimony is not known to cause cancer, birth defects, or affect reproduction in humans. However, antimony has been shown to cause lung cancer in laboratory animals that inhaled antimony-containing dusts and prolonged exposure to antimony can cause irritation of the eyes, skin, lungs, and stomach, in the form of vomiting and diarrhea. Heart problems can also result from overexposure to antimony (33). 

The principal constituents of the paniculate matter are lead/zinc and iron oxides, but oxides of metals such as arsenic, antimony, cadmium, copper, and mercury are also present, along with metallic sulfates. Dust from raw materials handling contains metals, mainly in sulfidic form, although chlorides, fluorides, and metals in other chemical forms may be present. Off-gases contain fine dust panicles and volatile impurities such as arsenic, fluorine, and mercury. 

Bi X, Li Z, Zhuang X, Han Z, Yang W (2011) High levels of antimony in dust from e-waste recycling in southeastern China. Sci Total Environ 409(23) 5126-5128... 

Indium is recovered as a by-product of smelting other metal ores such as aluminum, antimony, cadmium, arsenic, and zinc. About 1,000 kg of indium is recovered each year (or a concentration of 1 part indium per 1000 parts of dust) from the flue stacks (chimneys) of zinc refineries. 

The powder and dust of antimony are toxic and can cause damage to the lungs. The fumes of antimony halogens (chlorides and fluorides) are especially dangerous when inhaled or in contact the skin. 

Sulfuric acid, Erythritol, Nitric acid. Sodium carbonate. Ethanol Zinc dust. Sulfur Potassium chlorate. Sulfur, Sugar Potassium perchlorate. Sodium salicylate Potassium perchlorate. Antimony trisulfide, Lampblack, Aluminum powder, Barium carbonate... 

Zinc dust, hexachloroethane and aluminium Phosphorous pentoxide and phosphoric acid Sulfur, potassium nitrate and pitch Potassium chlorate, naphthalene and charcoal Zinc dust, hexachloroethane and naphthalene Silicon tetrachloride and ammonia vapour Auramine, potassium chlorate, baking soda and sulfur Auramine, lactose, potassium chlorate and chrysoidine Rhodamine red, potassium chlorate, antimony sulfide Rhodamine red, potassium chlorate, baking soda, sulfur Auramine, indigo, potassium chlorate and lactose Malachite green, potassium chlorate, antimony sulfide Indigo, potassium chlorate and lactose Methylene blue, potassium chlorate, antimony sulfide... 

The most important range for inorganio chemicals is between 1 40 and 1 70. But there are some substances, such as certain oxides and sulphides, whose indices lie well above this range, or even well above 2 0. Media which are liquid at room temperature and have such high refractive indices are not available, but certain mixtures of substances which solidify to glasses may be used. A little of the medium is melted on a microscope slide, the substance under examination is dusted into the melt, a cover-glass is pressed on, and the slide is then allowed to cool. Substances which have been used in this way are mixtures of piperine with arsenic and antimony tri-iodides (for indices 1 7-2 1), mixtures of sulphur and selenium (2-0-2-7)—for details, see Larsen and Berman (1934)—and mixtures of the halides of thallium (Barth, 1929). 

The neutral solution is purified to remove impurities more noble than zinc, e g., cadmium, copper, cobalt, nickel, arsenic, antimony, and germanium. The purification is accomplished by cementation in two or more steps with the addition of zinc dust. Generally, at least one cementation step is conducted at high temperature with arsenic, antimony, or copper-arsenic added. Cadmium is usually recovered in the metallic state and copper, nickel, and cobalt are recovered as sludges if present in sufficient quantities. 

Iijima A, Sato K, Yano K, Tago H, Kato M, Kimura H, Furuta N (2007) Particle size and composition distribution analysis of automotive brake abrasion dusts for the evaluation of antimony sources of airborne particulate matter. Atmos Environ 41(23) 4908-4919... 

Concerns exist in Japan over the use of phosphorus flame-retardants. The concern with the use of red phosphorus is the potential generation of phosphine gas during burning. There are also concerns with the use of phosphate esters. There is also dust concern over the use of antimony trioxide. 

Antimony. Antimony dust has been analyzed colorimetrically by formation of a Rhodamine-B complex, 565 nm (Table I ). Both P CAM 173 (5) and S-2 (11) provide AAS methods for antimony. Whereas the former method recommends 5 1 nitric sulfuric acid digestion, the latter uses only 2-ml nitric acid at 140°C followed by 2 ml of 6 N hydrochloric acid. Either the nitric/sulfuric acids (10% and 5% v/v) or a 10% tartaric acid (11) matrix may be used for the analyte solution. Although the normal analytical wavelength is 217.6 nm, when 10,000 ppm Pb or 1000 ppm Ca are present in the final solution, then the 231.2 nm analtyical line should be used. A new method for antimony has been developed by NI0SH and will be published in volume four of the methods manual. 

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