Fiber-reinforced polymer durability

Juska, T. Dutta, P. Carlson, L. Weitsman, J.(1999). Gap Analysis for Durability of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites in Civil Infrastructure, Thermal Effects, Chapter 5, pp.40-51. 

Brena, S. E, S. L. Wood and M. L. Kreger (2002). Fatigue tests of reinforced polymer composites. Second International Conference on Durability of Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites for Construction, Sherbrooke, Qudbec, Canada, pp. 575-586. 

Devalapura, R. K., M. E. Greenwood, J. V. Gauchel and T. J. Humphrey (1998). Evaluation of GERP performance using accelerated test methods. First International Conference on Durability of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites for Construction, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, pp. 107-116. 

Karbhari, V. M., J. W. Chin, D. Hunston, B. Benmokrane, T. Juska, R. Morgan, J. J. Lesko, U. Sorathia and D. Reynaud (2003). Durability gap analysis for fiber-reinforced polymer composites in civil infrastructure. Journal of Composites for Construction 7(3) pp. 238-247. 

M. M. Thwe, and K. Liao, Durability of bamboo-glass fiber reinforced polymer matrix hybrid composites. Composites Science and Technology, 63,375-387 (2003). 

Liao K, Schultheisz C R, Hunston D L and Brinson C L (1998), Long-term durability of fiber-reinforced polymer-matrix composite materials for infrastructure applications a review . Journal of Advanced Materials, 40(4), 4-40. 

Improving the durability of advanced fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites... 

Abstract In this chapter, we report the findings of experimental investigations conducted on durability of glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites with and without the addition of montmorillonite nanoclay. First, neat and nanoclay-added epoxy systems were characterized to evaluate the extent of clay platelet exfoliation and dispersion of nanoclay. GFRP composite panels were then fabricated with neat/modified epoxy resin and exposed to six different conditions, i.e. hot-dry/wet, cold-dry/wet, ultraviolet radiation and alternate ultraviolet radiation-condensation. Room temperature condition samples were also used for baseline consideration. 

ACI Guide to accelerated conditioning protocols and acceptance criteria for durability of internal and external fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforcement for concrete, 2010. 

CAN/CSA-S806-02 (2002). Design and Construction of Building Components with Fiber Reinforced Polymers. Rexdale, Ontario, Canadian Standards Association. Chajes, M. J., T. A. Thomson and C. A. Farshman (1995). Durability of concrete beams externally reinforced with composite fabrics. Construction and Building Materials 9(3) pp. 141-148. 

Performance of plastics , W. Brostow Hanser Gardner Pubis (1999) ISBN 1569902771. Comprehensively covers the behavior of the most important polymer materials. Subject areas range from Computer Simulations of Mechanical Behavior to Reliability and Durability of aircraft structures made of fiber-reinforced hydrocarbons. 

P.-A. Eriksson, A.-C. Albertsson, P. Boydell, and J.-A. E. MSnson, Durability of In-plant Recycled Glass-fiber Reinforced Polyamide 66, Submitted to Polymer Engineering and Science (1997). 

Body Panels Plastics can help considerably reduce the mass of body panels while providing better durability, damage resistance, and corrosion resistance. Their first application in body panels was in 1953 [1]. General Motors introduced the Corvette with a fiber-reinforced thermoset plastic body (see Pig. 17.4). At almost the same time, Kaiser introduced a reinforced-plastic body on a sports car. Since then polymers have been used for fenders, hoods, trunk lids, roofs, doors, quarter panels, and lift gates. 

Kumar et al. [83] studied the weathering properties of ethylene-propylene copolymer (EPC) matrix composites with three different reinforcement materials, namely, 3% NaOH-treated jute fibers, 17.5% NaOH-treated jute fibers and commercial microcrystalline cellulose powder, using maleated EPC as a compatibilizer. The samples were subjected to UV radiation at 60°C in air for 150 hours. Again, the neat polymer samples were more resistant to weathering than the composites. The samples reinforced with commercial microcrystalline cellulose were the most stable of the composites and those made with fibers treated with the lower concentration of NaOH were the most susceptible to photo-oxidation. It was concluded that optimizing the durability and mechanical properties of the natural fiber-reinforced composites was closely dependent on selecting the appropriate treatment for the fibers. 

While these attempts to optimize the strength and durability of cement were more or less unsystematic and empirical, the exact details of the chemistry of cement were first elucidated by Le ChateHer (1904). Later developments included the invention of reinforced concrete by Wilkinson and Lambot in 1855, and of blast furnace cement by Emil Langen in 1862. Thereafter, the twentieth century witnessed the invention and optimization of sulfate-resistant alumina cements (1908), the addition of plasticizers such as Hgnosulfonic acid or hydroxylated polysaccharides and superplasticizers such as sulfonated naphthalene-formaldehyde condensate, and the advent of macro-defect-free (MDF) and polymer fiber-reinforced cements, to name only a few. 

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