Durability characterization

In automotive industry [2], rearview mirrors are a good application for electrochromic systems. Transport sunroofs also have been manufactured, in particular in Japan. The durability—characterized by the number of oxidation/reduction cycles which can be applied to the material without excessive degradation is in agreement with the automobile mean durability. 

Tascioglu, C., et al. (2003). Bond durability characterization of preservative treated wood and E-glass/phenolic composite interfaces. Composites Science and Technology, 63, 979-991. 

Lai YH, Dillard DA (2009) Mechanical durability characterization and modeling of ionomeric membranes. In Vielstich W, Gasteiger HA, Yokokawa H (eds) Handbook of fuel cells -advances in electrocatalysis, materials, diagnostics, and durability, vol 5. Wiley, Chichester, pp 403 19... 

The chemical process industries (CPI), petroleum and allied industries apply physical as well as chemical methods to the conversion of raw feedstock materials into salable products. Because of the diversity of products, process conditions and requirements, equipment design is often unique, or case specific. The prime requirement of any piece of equipment is that it performs the function for which it was designed under the intended process operating conditions, and do so in a continuous and reliable manner. Equipment must have mechanical reliability, which is characterized by strength, rigidness, steadiness, durability and tightness. Any one or combination of these characteristics may be needed for a particular piece of equipment. 

The cost of equipment determines the capital investment for a process operation. However, there is no direct relationship to profits. That is, more expensive equipment may mean better quality, more durability and, hence, longer service and maintenance factors. These characteristics can produce higher operating efficiencies, fewer consumption coefficients and operational expenses and, thus, fewer net production costs. The net cost of production characterizes the perfection rate of the total technological process and reflects the influences of design indices. Therefore, it is possible to compare different pieces of equipment when they are used in the manufacture of these same products. 

Historically, viscosity measurements have been the single most important method to characterize fluids in petroleum-producing applications. Whereas the ability to measure a fluid s resistance to flow has been available in the laboratory for a long time, a need to measure the fluid properties at the well site has prompted the development of more portable and less sophisticated viscosity-measuring devices [1395]. These instruments must be durable and simple enough to be used by persons with a wide range of technical skills. As a result, the Marsh funnel and the Fann concentric cylinder, both variable-speed viscometers, have found wide use. In some instances, the Brookfield viscometer has also been used. 

Characterized by high efficiency and heating rate, (2) Deployment of well-designed, durable and neatly made burners ensures smokeless combustion, (3) Needs little care for maintenance purpose, (4) Easy control and flexibility, (5) Easy manipulation,... 

Hench, L.L. (1975). Characterization of glass corrosion and durability. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 19 27-39. 

Characterization is a central aspect of catalyst development [1,2], The elucidation of the structures, compositions, and chemical properties of both the solids used in heterogeneous catalysis and the adsorbates and intermediates present on the surfaces of the catalysts during reaction is vital for a better understanding of the relationship between catalyst properties and catalytic performance. This knowledge is essential to develop more active, selective, and durable catalysts, and also to optimize reaction conditions. 

Once the durability testing of the fuel cells is finalized, the internal components are then characterized. For diffusion layers, some of these characterization techniques include SEM to visualize surface changes, porosimetry measurements to analyze any changes in porosity within the DL and MPL, IGC (inverse gas chromatography) to identify relative humidity effects on the hydrophobic properties of the DLs, contact angle measurements to observe any changes in the hydrophobic/hydrophilic coatings of the DL, etc. [254,255]. 

Adsorbed NTMP exhibits a pH-dependent surface coverage on anodized aluminum, which Includes a region characterized by a multilayer of hydrogen-bonded phosphonate molecules. These thick layers are weak and fall to provide good bond durability in a humid environment. NTMP monolayers are protective against hydration and are compatible with a nitrile-modified epoxy adhesive, but not with an epoxy-polyamide primer topcoat. 

To avoid misleading results, the electronic characteristics of a device always have to be analyzed in a proper statistical manner to characterize the results of the process in terms of device structure details, yield, electrical performance, and durability. 

Durable concrete is typically characterized by low porosity because the fundamental porosity of concrete influences all of its material properties. For this reason, most of our standard practices for the construction of concrete structures have as their objective the minimization of paste porosity, which consequently increases both strength and durability. Although low water-cement ratio (W/C) is responsible for improved mechanical properties and enhanced durability, attaining a low W/C necessitates either a sacrifice in workability, or the use of high cement content, neither a desirable consequence. A more advantagious alternative is the use of water-reducing admixtures (WRAs). 

---