Duplication among products

To compete in this arena, biofuel cells must take advantage of inherent biocatalytic properties that cannot be duplicated by conventional technology. Among these key properties are (1) activity at low temperature and near-neutral pH, (2) chemical selectivity, and (3) potentially low-cost production using fermentation and bioseparation technologies. To the extent possible, these properties must be exploited with minimal compromise of power density and stability. This constraint leaves one major class of conventional applications suitable for biofuel cells small fuel cells for portable power. 

In conclusion, a procedure makes it possible to avoid duplication of work not only by manufacturers of raw materials and manufacturers of medicines (finished products) when they prepare licensing dossiers but also by the licensing authorities and pharmacopeia authorities when they assess these dossiers. Differences among the various European licensing authorities in approach and assessment of compliance with European Pharmacopeia monographs are also avoided, and clearer communications are facilitated. Finally, the procedure allows European Pharmacopeia monographs to be constantly updated to keep up with new developments in the world market. 

Any substance or mixture of substances that contributes apositive taste to a food product, such as vanillin, cacao, and fruit extracts among natural products, together with numerous synthetic compounds that imitate or duplicate these tastes. Undesirable or off flavors occur in milk, meat, and other food products as a result of improper preparation, oxidation, and incipient rancidity. There are over 1500 flavoring materials listed as food additives under provisions of the Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act. 

The extensive research and education of consumers is needed to fully understand the value of gluten protein in terms of its possible or particular nutritional health benefits or defects. However, gluten does have economic benefits over and above the more expensive milk or soy protein products, and its functional properties, which other products cannot duplicate, give it a unique place among the various protein products. 

The best area-time tradeoff for solving an instance of the APP of size n seems to be 5n units of time and cells hence the area-time product is 5n. Among the architectures that achieve this tradeoff, the one of Kung-Lo-Lewis [23] has the smallest period P — n (the solution of a new instance of the APP can begin every n steps). Rote [35] has shown that 5n units of time is asymptotically optimal under the hypothesis that no coefficient a(j is duplicated in the array. Note that the architecture of Delosme [14] requires 4n time-steps and 5n /4 cells hence the area-time product is 5n for this architecture, too. 

Value added avoids the duplication in the value of shipments figure which results from the use of products of some establishments as materials by others. Consequently, it is considered to be the best value measure available for comparing the relative economic importance of manufacturing among industries and geographic areas. —U.S. Department of Commerce, 1958 Census of Manufactures, VoL //, p. 13. 

International standards, provide many virtues, services, and advantages. The development of an international standard may avoid, or at least reduce, duplicative effort on the part of many national standards bodies. In that safety standards in particular are frequently developed from experience, the broader base of experience existing internationally may be expected to lead to a better product Consensus standards facilitate cooperative international ventures and international trade while enhancing trust and understanding among nations... 

---