Dumped model

Brander, J., Krugman, R, 1983. A reciprocal dumping model of international trade. Journal of International Economics 15,313-321. 

To assess the relevance of the Guiyu dumpsites, essential data were missing. Therefore it has been decided to introduce a model dumpsite for Guiyu. It is based on climate data from Hong et al. [35], data from Danon-Schaffer [31] and personal communication with Danon-Schaffer [30], The dumpsite topic has potential for further research as it may concern a long-term problem. The defaults for the model dump are presented in Table 16, the results can be found in Table 17. 

Table 16 Settings and conditions for the Guiyu model dump...

A final variant of local equilibrium models is the dump option (Wolery, 1979). Here, once the equilibrium state of the initial system is determined, the minerals... 

As an example of how the dump option might be used, consider the problem of predicting whether scale will form in the wellbore as groundwater is produced from a well (Fig. 2.10). The fluid is in equilibrium with the minerals in the formation, so the initial system contains both fluid and minerals. The dump option simulates movement of a packet of fluid from the formation into the wellbore, since the minerals in the formation are no longer available to the packet. As the packet ascends the wellbore, it cools, perhaps exsolves gas as it moves toward lower pressure, and leaves behind any scale produced. The reaction model, then, is a polythermal, sliding-fugacity, and flow-through path combined with the dump option. 

In Chapter 2 we discussed three special configurations for tracing reaction paths the dump, flow-through, and flush models. These models are special cases of mass transfer that can be implemented within the mathematical framework developed in this chapter. 

In the dump configuration, the model discards the masses of any minerals present... 

Also, in the 1990s, the Environmental Protection Agency began to focus on pollution prevention. The idea was to cut pollution using natural ecosystems as a model. Industrial systems should not be open-ended, dumping endless byproducts, but closed, as nature is, continuously cycling and recyling. This concept includes life cycle assessment (LCA) which considers ... 

We now discuss in detail setting up the partial equilibrium model for a particular case. The dissolution of chalcopyrite, CuFeS2, has been studied extensively in the laboratory ( 3,4 5) and we have been interested in it because of its importance in dump leaching. Under dump leaching conditions, two dissolution reactions have been identified for this mineral (3,4 5) ... 

Liddell, K. C., A Mathematical Model of the Chemistry of the Dump Leaching of Chalcopyrite, 1979, Ph.D. Thesis, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa. 

The data modeled are from gas chromatograms obtained for Aroclors 1242, 1248, 1254 and 1260. The unknown samples are from the anaysis of used transformer oil obtained from a waste dump in New Jersey. The concentration of individual isomers in selected Aroclor and transformer oil samples are given in Appendix I. The data are organized in a matrix in which the first four data entries for each sample in row 1 of the data array (Table 2, Apendix I) designate the composition of the sample. For standards, these four variables represent the fractional parts of Aroclor 1242, 1248, 1254, or 1260, respectively, that were combined. Results from the analysis of transformer oil (samples 21-23) are of unknown fractional composition and variables 1 through 4 are null entries. In the examples that follow data from samples analyzed (Table 1, Appendix I) were used in part or in total to illustrate the PLS method. 

The flow into the central dump combustor is computed by solving the compressible, time-dependent, conservation equations for mass, momentum, and energy using the Flux-Corrected Transport (FCT) algorithm [21], a conservative, monotonic algorithm with fourth-order phase accuracy. No explicit term representing physical viscosity is included in the model. 

Model ramjet dump combustor with direct liquid-fuel injection for... 

A comprehensive framework of robust feedback control of combustion instabilities in propulsion systems has been established. The model appears to be the most complete of its kind to date, and accommodates various unique phenomena commonly observed in practical combustion devices. Several important aspects of distributed control process (including time delay, plant disturbance, sensor noise, model uncertainty, and performance specification) are treated systematically, with emphasis placed on the optimization of control robustness and system performance. In addition, a robust observer is established to estimate the instantaneous plant dynamics and consequently to determine control gains. Implementation of the controller in a generic dump combustor has been successfully demonstrated. 

As shown in Fig. 6b, for a dump laser pulse overlapping with the pump laser pulse no net population transfer occurs. It is particularly interesting that the intermediate level 2 is not significantly populated at any time although level 3 is weakly populated during the interaction. This surprising population dynamics can be exploited to check whether the dump laser frequency is in resonance with the 2 - 3 transition and thus the double-resonance condition is fulfilled As in SEP experiments it is possible to monitor the population of level 2 either by fluorescence from level 2 or by ionization after absorption of an additional photon (see Fig. 4). In a simple model the ionization process from level 2 can be introduced by a time-dependent decay rate of level 2 [6, 60] that is proportional to the intensity of the laser pulses, whereas the fluorescence is only proportional to the population in level 2 after interaction with both laser pulses [54]. 

A considerable amount of work, both with thymidylate synthetase itself and model systems, indicates that in the mechanism of thymidylate synthetase a key step is the attack of an enzymatic nucleophile (believed to be cysteine) on C-6 of dUMP to give a 5,6-dihydro-dUMP intermediate (B-77MI11003). A number of observations are in accord with such a nucleophilic catalysis by the enzyme. Among these are the demonstration that thymidylate synthetase, in the absence of the cofactor, catalyzes the exchange of tritium from [5-3H]dUMP for protons of water (79B2794), and the recent isolation of a covalent adduct formed between 5-nitro-dUMP and thymidylate synthetase (80JBC(255)5538 see also 80MI11003). 

An intuitive method for controlling the motion of a wave packet is to use a pair of pump-probe laser pulses, as shown in Fig. 13. This method is called the pump-dump control scenario, in which the probe is a controlling pulse that is used to create a desired product of a chemical reaction. The controlling pulse is applied to the system just at the time when the wave packet on the excited state potential energy surface has propagated to the position of the desired reaction product on the ground state surface. In this scenario the control parameter is the delay time r. This type of control scheme is sometimes referred to as the Tannor-Rice model. 

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