Dry powder formulations

Okamoto H, Aoki M, Danjo K (2000) A novel apparatus for rat in vivo evaluation of dry powder formulations for pulmonary administration. J Pharm Sci 89 1028-1035. 

Effect of Physical State on the Stability of Dry Powder Formulations... 

Formulation of dry powders for inhalation must rely on a very short list of excipients to fulfill the customary roles of diluent, stabilizer, solubilizer, processing aid, and property modifier (e.g., flow enhancer). In the United States, only a few materials are approved for use in inhalation products, and of those (e.g., propellants, surfactants) many are of little help in dry powder formulation. 

Powder container. Dry powder inhalers may contain the dry powder formulation in many different forms. The first DPI, the Spinhaler contained single doses in capsules. Other systems, like the Diskus or Diskhaler may contain the metered dose in blisters, whereas systems like the Turbohaler , or Novolizer , have multi-dose containers. 

Zeng XM, Martin AP, Marriott C. Particulate Interactions in Dry Powder Formulations for Inhalation. London Taylor and Francis, 2001. 

Larhrib H, Martin GP, Marriott C, Prime D. The influence of carrier and drug morphology on drug delivery from dry powder formulations. Int J Phann 2003 257(1-2) 283-296. 

Chan LW, Lim LT, Heng PW. Immobilization of fine particles on lactose carrier by precision coating and its effect on the performance of dry powder formulations. J Pharm Sci 2003 92(5) 975-984. 

Zeng XM, Martin GP, Marriott C, Pritchard J. Lactose as a carrier in dry powder formulations the influence of surface characteristics on drug delivery. J Pharma Sci 2001 90(9) 1424—1434. 

Zeng XM, Martin GP, Tee SK, Ghoush AA, Marriott C. Effects of particle size and adding sequence of fine lactose on the deposition of salbutamol sulphate from a dry powder formulation. Int J Pharma 1999 182 133-144. 

FardonTC, Lee DK, Haggart K, McFarlane LC, Lipworth BJ. Adrenal suppression with dry powder formulations of fluticasone propionate and mometasone furoate. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004 170 960-6. 

Of 335 patients with type 1 diabetes randomized to receive preprandial inhaled insulin as a dry powder formulation via an aerosol delivery system (Exubera) plus bedtime subcutaneous Ultralente insulin, or to continue NPH and regular insulins subcutaneously, 170 received inhaled insulin (mean age 33 years) (272). Six discontinued inhaled insulin, one because of mild cough, two because of hypoglycemia, and three because of insufficient responses. The risk of hypoglycemia was slightly lower in those who used inhaled insulin, at 8.6 events per month compared with 9.0 events per month in the conventional insulin group. 

The acute oral LD50 of dalapon for male rats is as high as 9,330 mg/kg, and for female rabbits is 3,860 mg/kg, suggesting that rabbits are more susceptible to the herbicide. The sodium salt of dalapon (in a dry powder formulation) to rabbit eyes produced pain and irritation, followed by severe conjunctivitis and comeal injury, which healed after several days. A 10% solution produced slight pain and conjunctivitis. Repeated or prolonged exposure to dalapon caused irritation to the mucous membrane linings of the mouth, nose, throat, lungs, and eyes. 

The use of dry powder formulations in nasal vaccine delivery has been extensively reviewed elsewhere [15-18], The association of vaccines to some of the par-... 

Dry powder formulations for nasal delivery of peptides and proteins have been investigated for the first time by Nagai and others [38], Since then, much research work has been done on dry powders containing bioadhesive polymers for nasal drug administration. The bioavailability and duration of action of drugs administered by the nasal route are increased by the use of the principle of mucoadhesion and dry powder formulations. Research work on dry powder formulation containing bioadhesive polymers is summarized in Table 1. 

Only a few materials are approved in the United States for use in inhalation products, and of those (e.g., propellants, surfactants), many are of little help in dry powder formulation. 

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