Nasal drug administration

Graff, C. L., and Pollack, G. M. (2005), Nasal drug administration Potential for targeted central nervous system delivery, /. Pharm. Sci., 94,1187-1195. 

Dry powder formulations for nasal delivery of peptides and proteins have been investigated for the first time by Nagai and others [38], Since then, much research work has been done on dry powders containing bioadhesive polymers for nasal drug administration. The bioavailability and duration of action of drugs administered by the nasal route are increased by the use of the principle of mucoadhesion and dry powder formulations. Research work on dry powder formulation containing bioadhesive polymers is summarized in Table 1. 

The major limitation to developing therapeutic proteins in nonparenteral dosage forms is the poor permeability of these water-soluble and hygroscopic macromolecules across the tissue layers at the site of drug administration. These tissue layers include the epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract, the stratum corneum of the skin, and the epithelium lining of the alveoli and nasal cavity. 

U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (2002, July), Nasal spray and inhalation solution, suspension, and spray drug products. Chemistry, manufacturing, and controls documentation, Guidance for industry. FDA, Washington, DC, 1—45. 

U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Extra 6 Safety thresholds and best practices for extractables and leachables in orally inhaled and nasal drug products, PQRI Leachables and Extratables Working Group, available http //www.pqri.org/pdfs/ LE Recommendations to FDA 09-26-06.pdf. 

Administration of drug to the therapeutic target site or absorption site in the nasal cavity is the first step in nasal drug delivery. Uniform distribution over the affected area is desirable for the treatment of nasal symptoms, whereas targeting of the favorable absorption sites... 

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