Drug resistance overview

MUler V. HIV drug resistance overview of cUnical data. JAAPA 2001 6 68-72. 

A Tomasz, R Munoz. (3-lactam antibiotic resistance in Gram-positive bacterial pathogens of the upper respiratory tract a brief overview of mechanisms. Microb Drug Resist 1 103-109, 1995. 

In contrast, South-East Asian and African patients harbor resistant bacteria markedly more often (SED-10, 572) resistance tests therefore remain mandatory for good epidemiological and therapeutic control. Recent reports from the WHO drug resistance surveillance network have allowed an overview of the current situation worldwide and facilitate the choice of medication according to the origin of the patients (34). 

This chapter attempts to define some of the significant problems that influence the study of drug resistance in the clinical setting. It then presents an overview of current clinical studies on the detection and circumvention of drug resistance. 

The following sections of this chapter are focused on the potentialities of SPECT and PET for imaging drug resistance mechanisms mediated by the expression of ABC transporters in cancer. Initially, we will introduce the radiopharmaceuticals available for SPECT imaging, highlighting some of results obtained Irom clinical and pre-clinical studies. Second, an overview over the advances in PET radiopharma-ceuticals that are becoming available for studying MDR will be presented. 

Abstract This review provides an overview of the development of viral protease inhibitors as antiviral drugs. We concentrate on HlV-1 protease inhibitors, as these have made the most significant advances in the recent past. Thus, we discuss the biochemistry of HlV-1 protease, inhibitor development, clinical use of inhibitors, and evolution of resistance. Since many different viruses encode essential proteases, it is possible to envision the development of a potent protease inhibitor for other viruses if the processing site sequence and the catalytic mechanism are known. At this time, interest in developing inhibitors is Umited to viruses that cause chronic disease, viruses that have the potential to cause large-scale epidemics, or viruses that are sufQciently ubiquitous that treating an acute infection would be... 

This chapter is intended to provide an overview of HIV-1 entry inhibitors, focusing on the mechanism of action, development, and knowledge of viral resistance to the currently available entry inhibitors, enfuvirtide and maraviroc. Although reversed relative to their order in the entry process, enfuvirtide is discussed first due to the greater clinical experience with this drug. 

Shi R, Itagaki N, Sugawara I. Overview of anti-mberculosis (TB) drugs and their resistance mechanisms. Mini Rev Med Chem 2007 7(ll) 1177-85. 

This section aims to give an overview of current strategies for modeling transporter systems illustrated by three well-characterized transport systems (l)the P-glycoprotein efflux pump, a prototypical ABC-transporter and a product of the multidrug resistance (MDR-1,ABC-B1) gene, which exports metabolites as well as drugs from various cell types ... 

In the search for a more successful drug, numerous alternative concepts in the design of new platinum drugs emerged. Requirements that have influenced the search for new complexes include reduction in toxicity, increased spectrum of activity, circumventing resistance, and oral activity to facilitate outpatient treatment. The remainder of this section will give an overview of the various approaches used, classical and novel. Platinum complexes with appended functionalities will be discussed in more detail. 

Numerous clinical trials have demonstrated that carboplatin is substantially less toxic (especially in terms of nephrotoxicity and gastrointestinal effects see Table 1) than is cisplatin. Overview analyses of randomised studies comparing the activity of cisplatin versus that of carboplatin (mainly in ovarian and testicular cancers) have concluded that the two are broadly comparable in terms of response rates and disease-free intervals. However, it also appears that the two drugs are effective against the same population of tumours and thus share cross-resistance with one another. Notably, however, secondary responses to... 

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