Interactions drinking water

Male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered lead acetate equivalent to 37 mg lead/kg/day in their drinking water for 76 weeks as part of a study to determine interactions between sodium nitrite, ethyl urea, and lead. There were no kidney tumors in the 10 control rats. Renal tubular carcinomas were found in 13 (81%) of the 16 treated rats. Three of these tumors were detected at 72 weeks and the remaining were found at terminal necropsy (Roller et al. 1985). 

Geosmin, 2-Methyl isobomeol (MIB) and 2-isopropyl methoxy pyrazine are known to be produced by various types of actinomycete cultures (10-15). Geosmin and MIB are saturated tertiary alcohols and resist oxidation. The steric configuration of the hydroxyl and methyl groups in both compounds are believed to interact with receptors in the nose, imparting their characteristic earthy odour (16). The four compounds itemised as the key osmogenes in this odorous emission have extremely low odour threshold concentrations. Their occasional occurence in drinking water can lead to widespread complaints and are routinely monitored for within this Authority. 

M. Minunni and M. Mascini, "Detection of Pesticide in Drinking Water Using Real-Time Biospecific Interaction Analysis (BIA)," Analytical Letters 26, 1441-1460 (1993). 

Second, these materials are unable to undergo fluoride recharge [283], Their predominantly hydrophobic composition means that there is no basis for interaction with, or uptake of, the strongly hydrophilic F ion in situ. Hence, exposure to fluoridated drinking water or fluoridated toothpastes has no effect, and these materials are unable to function as fluoride reservoirs [284],... 

Influence of Hypochlorite on Parfait Columns. One potential use of the parfait method is the recovery of organic matter from drinking water. To test for the interaction of chlorine disinfectant with column components or eluents, the influence of 2 ppm of hypochlorite was assessed in an unspiked control column. Each eluate was assayed for hypochlorite by using the ferrous N,N-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine titrimetric method (12). No hypochlorite was detected. Each eluate was also analyzed by GC and found to be virtually identical to a blank column without hypochlorite run simultaneously. 

This chapter was prepared for the International Agency for Research on Cancer Symposium on Evaluation of Human Health Risks from Drinking Water (December 14, 1984). The opinions expressed in this chapter are those of the author. They do not necessarily reflect the position of the USEPA. The authors perspectives are derived from the assessment activities and interactions with many members of the Criteria and Standards Division and others in the USEPA Office of Drinking Water. These include Larry Anderson, Ambika Bathija, Paul Berger, Richard Cothem, William Coniglio, Penelope Fenner-Crisp,... 

Krcysa. G.. and R. Eckermann DECHEMA Corrosion HandbookCorrosive Agents and Their Interaction with Materials. Carboxylic Arid Esters. Drinking Water. Nitric Acid, John Wiley Sons. Inc.. New York. NY, 1992. 

Minunni, M. and M. Mascini (1993). Detection of pesticide in drinking water using real-time biospecific interaction analysis (BIA). Anal. Lett., 26 1441-1460. 

Ahn H-W, Fulton B, Moxon D, et al. 1995. Interactive effects of fluoride and aluminum uptake and accumulation in bones of rabbits administered both agents in their drinking water. J Toxicol Environ Health 44 337-350. 

Pharmacologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models have also been incorporated into the assessment of responses to mixtures of some substances where interactions may occur. This was suggested for application in assessing human health risks of contaminants in drinking water (Krishnan et al. 1997) on the basis that most interactions between organic substances occur as a result of induction or inhibition of metabolism. This has been applied in predicting the maximal likely interaction in mixtures of chlorinated and nonchlorinated hydrocarbons (Haddad et al. 2000) and aromatic petroleum hydrocarbons (Haddad et al. 1999). Metabolic and other data are required for PBPK models, and, as these may only be available for a few organisms in the environment, they are not yet widely used for extrapolation. 

Using coal-based sorbents, Sivasamy et al. [62] evaluated their ability to remove fluoride from water. On equilibrium basis, Langmuir and Freundlich models were used to describe the data points, while the kinetic data points were interpreted in terms of reaction and mass transfer processes. Kaolinite, adioctahedral two-layered (silica and alumina) silicate (1 2 type), has also been tested in drinking water defluoridation. Recently, Sugita etal. [58] and earlier Kau etal. [63] and Weerasooriya et al. [10] presented fluoride adsorption results of kaolinite. The fluoride-binding sites in kaolinite consist of aluminol and silinol sites. The authors explained that the fluoride-kaolinite interaction led to the formations of both the inner- and outer-sphere complexes. 

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