Drinking water copper

For drinking water, copper has now replaced the use of lead. The local water authority provides information including analytical data. Stainless steels are being introduced especially for domestic systems. 

Herbicides. An array of herbicides are registered for use in aquatic sites, but copper sulfate and diquat dibromide are of additional interest because they also have therapeutic properties (9,10). Copper sulfate has been used to control bacteria, fungi, and certain parasites, including Jchthjophthirius (ich). Diquat dibromide can control columnaris disease, but it also exhibits fungicidal properties (9,10). EPA recentiy proposed to limit the amount of diquat dibromide, endothaH, glyphosate, and simazine that can be present in drinking water therefore, the use of these compounds may be reduced if they cannot be removed from the effluent. 

In according to proposed procedure the drinking water samples with spiked copper (II) standai d solution and the copper-smelting plant wastewater samples have been analyzed. The found results were verified by atomic absoi ption spectrometry. The developed method (standard addition version) was found suitable for determination of Cu (II) in drinking water and industrial wastewater. 

There are concerns that land application of sludge will result in an increase of pathogenic bacteria, viruses, parasites, chemicals and metals in drinking water reservoirs, aquifers, and the food chain. This raises additional concerns of cumulative effects of metals in cropped soils. Research shows that if metals such as zinc, copper, lead, nickel, mercury, and cadmium are allowed to build up in soils due to many applications of sludges over the years, they could be released at... 

This was unknowingly utilized in ancient Persia where, by law, drinking water had to be stored in bright copper vessels. 

The water supply authorities normally insist that (for uses other than drinking-water taps) their main should discharge into a break-pressure vessel, after which the water quality becomes the consumers responsibility. The water tank should be covered against tramp dirt and access by birds, etc., and it must be shielded from sunlight to avoid the growth of algae. Nevertheless, access must be maintained for easy inspection. The distribution pipework is preferably all plastic and lead must be avoided altogether. The use of copper is doubtful with some corrosive waters, and soldered joints in it can lead to unacceptable concentrations of lead in the water. 

There is an increasing tendency to treat drinking waters to remove organic material. This is to minimise the formation of haloforms, produced when the water is chlorinated, which have heeilth implications . Organics are known to affect certain corrosion processes, e.g. type I copper pitting and the formation of protective corrosion product layers. However, the outcome of this development is difficult to predict as not all the organic material present is removed. 

In de-aerated conditions, for instance in most central heating systems, little if any attack on copper occurs . As far as drinking waters are concerned, copper is not classified as a toxic substance or hazardous to health. To avoid any difficulties due to unpalatability, the maximum continuous copper content should not exceed 10 p.p.m., with a limit of 3 p.p.m. in water after standing overnight in copper pipes. A review of the subject by Grunau makes reference to 394 published papers. 

EPA. 1991d. Maximum contaminant level goals and national primary drinking water regulations for lead and copper. Federal Register 56 26461-26564. 

Berndt et al. [740] have shown that traces of bismuth, cadmium, copper, cobalt, indium, nickel, lead, thallium, and zinc could be separated from samples of seawater, mineral water, and drinking water by complexation with the ammonium salt of pyrrolidine- 1-dithiocarboxylic acid, followed by filtration through a filter covered with a layer of active carbon. Sample volumes could range from 100 ml to 10 litres. The elements were dissolved in nitric acid and then determined by atomic absorption or inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. 

Copper salts are intentionally added to drinking water supplies of some municipalities to control growth of algae concentrations as high as 59 pg Cu/L are maintained in New York City (USEPA1980). 

In rodents, copper administered by single intraperitoneal or subcutaneous injection is lethal at 3 to 7 mg Cu/kg BW (Table 3.7). Mice died when their drinking water contained 640 mg Cu/L (Table 3.7). In rats, copper accumulation in kidneys and lungs is similar regardless of route of administration (Romeu-Moreno et al. 1994). Concentrations of copper in serum of rats (Rattus sp.) reflect dietary copper concentrations in liver and kidney are directly related to serum Cu and ceruloplasmin (Petering et al. 1977). As serum Cu concentrations rise in rats, levels fall for serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids (Petering et al. 1977). 

Drinking water equivalent of 42.5 mg/kg BW daily as copper glutamate lifetime exposure... 

No studies have been conducted with silver and avian or mammalian wildlife, and it is unreasonable to extrapolate the results of limited testing with domestic poultry and livestock to wildlife to establish criteria or administratively enforced standards. Research on silver and avian and terrestrial wildlife merits the highest priority in this subject area. No silver criteria are available for the protection of avian and mammalian health, and all criteria now proposed are predicated on human health (Table 7.8). As judged by the results of controlled studies with poultry and small laboratory mammals, safe concentrations of silver ion were less than 250 pg/L in drinking water of mammals, less than 100 mg/L in drinking water of poultry, less than 6 mg/kg in diets of mammals, less than 10 mg/kg in copper-deficient diets of poultry, less than 200 mg/kg in copper-adequate diets of poultry, and less than 1.8 mg/kg in chicken eggs. The proposed short-term (10-day) allowable limit of 1142 pg Ag/L in drinking water for human health protection (Table 7.8) should... 

Drinking water with Mo as ammonium molybdate. Basal diet with 13 mg copper/kg and 2900 mg sulfur/kg... 

Scientific Frontiers in Developmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment (2000) Copper in Drinking Water (2000)... 

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