Drinking water bromate

Currently available CRMs Calibrants for bromate are easy to come by, but a drinking water certified for very low bromate concentrations is not yet available. 

Achilii M, and Romele L (1999) Ion chromatographic determination of bromate in drinking water by post-column reaction with fuchsin. J Chrom... 

Creed JT, and Brockhoff CA (1999) Isotope dilution analysis of bromate in drinking water matrixes by ion chromatography with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric detection. Anal Chem 71 722-726. 

Jackson LK, Joyce RJ, Laikhtman M, and Jackson PE (1998) Determination of trace level bromate in drinking water by direct injection ion chromatography. J Chromate A 829 187-192. 

Seubeet a, and Nowak M (1998) Trace analysis of bromate in drinking waters by means of online coupling IC-ICP-MS. Fresenius J Anal Chem 360 777-780. 

Wagner, H. P., Pepich, B. V., Hautman, D. P., and Munch, D. J., Analysis of 500 ng/1 levels of bromate in drinking water by direct-injection suppressed ion chromatography coupled with a single, pneumatically delivered postcolumn reagent, /. Chromatogr. A, 850, 119, 1999. 

A model calculation showed that the HiPOx system may have been fully successful in limiting bromate formation under the chosen oxidant doses if the influent bromide concentration was 0.56 mg/L or less. Since a bromide concentration of 0.56 mg/L is still extremely high for a drinking water source, the HiPOx system appears to hold promise for destroying MTBE and its oxidative by-product TBA while controlling bromate formation, even in waters that have high bromide concentrations.101... 

Titanium dioxide has also been involved in the photocatalysis of toxic inorganic substances to yield harmless or less-toxic species. Sterilisation of drinking water by chlorine yields potentially carcinogenic compounds so that ozone has been used as an alternative sterilising agent. Bromate... 

Determination of Inorganic Oxyhalide Disinfection By-products in Drinking Water using Ion Chromatography with the Addition of a Postcolumn Reagent for Trace Bromate Analysis... 

Determination of Bromate in Drinking Waters by Ion Chromatography Inductively Coupled Plasma-MS... 

A few DBFs, such as bromate, chlorate, iodate, and chlorite, are present as anions in drinking water. As a result, they are not volatile and cannot be analyzed by GC/MS. They are also difficult to separate by LC, but will separate nicely using ion chromatography (IC). At neutral pH, HAAs are also anions and can be separated using 1C. A number of methods have been created for these DBFs using both IC/ inductively coupled plasma (ICF)-MS and IC/ESl-MS. Fretreatment to remove interfering ions (e.g., sulfate and chloride), along with the use of a suppressor column prior to introduction into the MS interface, is beneficial for trace-level measurement. 

Shi and Adams recently created a rapid IC/ICF-MS method for simultaneously measuring iodoacetic acids, bromoacetic acids, iodate, and bromate in drinking water, groundwater, surface water, and swimming pool water [165]. Method detection limits were sub-pg/L for iodinated DBFs, and low-pg/L for brominated DBFs. 

Creed JT, Brockhoff CA, Martin TD (1997) EPA Method 321.8. Determination of bromate in drinking waters by ion chromatography inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, OH, Available at http //www.epa.gov/microbes/m 321 8.pdf... 

Detection limit. A sensitive chromatographic method was developed to measure sub-part-per-billion levels of the disinfectant by-products iodate (I03), chlorite (C I02 ), and bromate (BrOf) in drinking water. As the oxyhalides emerge from the column, they react with Br to make Brj, which is measured by its strong absorption at 267 nm. For example, each mole of bromate makes 3 mol of Br by the reaction BrOj" + 8Br + 6H+ —> 3Brj + 3H20. 

In the early part of2004 there was a problem in the UK caused by low levels ofbromate in a branded bottled water. This arose from the presence of low levels of bromide in the water that was then disinfected by treatment with ozone. The bromate ions formed were at levels above the EU and EPA limit of lOpg/l for drinking water. The analysis of this anion at trace levels is demanding and should be left to a specialist laboratory. However, Dionex have published four methods that can be used for the analysis of bromate ions in water and the application notes (81, 101, 136 149) are available from the Dionex website (http /www. dionex. com/)... 

Bodor, R., Kaniansky, D., Masdr, M., Silleova, K., Stanislawski, B., Determination of bromate in drinking water by zone electrophoresis-isotachophoresis on a column-coupling chip with conductivity detection. Electrophoresis 2002, 23, 3630-3637. 

Based on some experimental results, application of the UV/H202 system to eliminate the bromate problem appears to be worthwhile. For example, Kruithof et al. [197], while studying the optimum conditions for disinfection and pesticide removal in a drinking water treatment plant, found that in the range 0.1-2.5 kWh m-3 electric energy (with medium-pressure UV lamps) and 0-25 gm-3 H202, bromate formation was absent. The main drawback was increased assimilable organic carbon, which would necessitate the use of activated carbon filters. 

Legube B. A survey of bromate ion in European drinking water. Ozone Sci Eng 1996 18 325-348. 

Ozone, used as a primary disinfectant, cannot be monitored in drinking-water, because it leaves no residual. Ozonation in the presence of inorganic bromide, which can occur naturally in raw water, can give rise to low concentrations of bromate. The analysis of bromate is difficult and expensive, because a number of other inorganic substances that interfere with the analysis may be present. It is considered, therefore, that routine bromate monitoring is a low priority, and that management should instead involve controlling the conditions of ozonation. Monochloramine... 

C. J. Johnson and P. C. Singer, Impact of a magnetic ion exchange resin on ozone demand and bromate formation dnring drinking water treattnent, Water Research 38, 3738-3750 (2004). 

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