Draining routine

Use materials that are applicable over the full range of operating conditions such as normal, startup, routine shutdown, emergency shutdown, and draining the system. For example, carbon steel may be acceptable for normal operating conditions but may be subject to brittle fracture at low temperatures under abnormal conditions (as in the case of a liquefied gas). Cold water, of less than 60°F, during hydrotest may cause brittle fracture of carbon steel. 

To reduce employee exposure and environmental incidents, the plant deemed it necessary to add drain pans and piping under the routine samples and filter drains. The final system was inherently safer than the original. If technologically possible, eliminating the need to drain would be inherently safer than the drain pans. 

With ammonia, oil sinks to the bottom and does not go into solution with the refrigerant. Ammonia condensers, receivers and evaporators can be distinguished by the provision of oil drainage pots and connections at the lowest point. Automatic drainage and return of the oil from these would have to depend on the different densities, and is veryrarely fitted. The removal of oil from collection pots and low-point drains is a periodic manual function and is carried out as part of the routine maintenance. The halocarbons are all sufficiently miscible with oil to preclude the possibility of separate drainage in this way. 

The user will not normally add oil to a refrigeration system, apart from an industrial R.717 plant which will have a routine for the draining of parts of the circuit and replenishing the compressor sump. 

Gram stain, culture, and sensitivities of ear fluid if draining spontaneously or obtained via tympanocentesis (not performed routinely in practice)... 

Pipework and transfer hoses should be as short as possible, free from sharp bends and deadspots and routinely cleaned and sterilised with a biocide solution. Hoses should be stored in such a way (Figure 13) as to allow them to drain and avoid becoming a source of infection. 

Due to false positives, zinc may confound interpretation of the paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) mouse bioassay, one of the routine tests used to measure shellfish safety for human consumption. For example, mice injected intraperitoneally with extracts of healthy oyster tissues showed extreme weakness, a drop in body temperature, cyanosis, and some deaths (McCulloch et al. 1989). The threshold for a toxic PSP response corresponds to a drained tissue zinc level >900 mg/kg FW, and this overlaps the zinc concentration range of 230 to 1650 mg/kg FW (1900 to 9400 mg/kg DW) recorded in healthy oyster soft tissues (McCulloch et al. 1989). 

Drain or filter water from fuel system routinely. 

From the sample solution to be analyzed, small droplets are formed by the nebulization of the solution using an appropriate concentric or cross-flow pneumatic nebulizer/spray chamber system. Quite different solution introduction systems have been created for the appropriate generation of an aerosol from a liquid sample and for separation of large size droplets. Such an arrangement provides an efficiency of the analyte introduction in the plasma of 1-3 % only.6 The rest (97 % to 99%) goes down in the drain.7 Beside the conventional Meinhard nebulizer, together with cooled or non-cooled Scott spray chamber or conical spray chamber, several types of micronebulizers together with cyclonic spray chambers are employed for routine measurements in ICP-MS laboratories. The solvent evaporated from each droplet forms a particle which is vaporized into atoms and molecules... 

Typical transfer and output characteristics of a solution-processed pentacene FET with channel length L = 20 pm and W = 1000 pm are shown in Fig. 13.7. The characteristics were obtained under ambient conditions. The field effect mobility of the FET is 0.01 cm2 V-1 s-1 at Vg = —20 V. On less typical wafers mobilities as high as 0.25 cm2 V-1 s 1 have been observed. The drain current modulation 1d(Vd = —1 V, Vg = -20 V)/ID(VD = —1 V, VG = 10 V) of 10s is routinely obtained. By improving the uniformity and by reducing the parameter spread the integration level could be increased to about 103 transistors. 

Where contaminants may cause a reaction, careful design is required to minimize the risk of contamination. Corrosion products are a common contaminant selecting appropriate materials of construction is important in these cases. Where the contaminant is present in other parts of the process, routine analysis of feedstreams is important. If water can cause a reaction both design and operational measures may be required. Water may enter the process by many routes (utility connections, faulty tank roof drains, inadequately dried equipment, etc.) all of these must be either designed out or be very well managed via operating and maintenance procedures. 

Once the sections have been picked up on the glass slide and labeled correctly, they are traditionally air dried for several minutes to allow excess water to drain from the section. The prepared slides are then placed in a rack and progressed to the drying step where they are placed in an oven. The heating of the glass slides in the oven provides a twofold benefit. Excess paraffin is removed from the section while simultaneously adhering the tissue section to the slide. At the completion of this step the slides are ready for routine staining. 

For reasons of hygiene it was no doubt necessary to have water pipes connected to the mortuary, for cleaning purposes.11 If one wants to avoid having to routinely drain all facilities manually in winter when there is danger of frost, then one must surely keep the room temperature above... 

Eoam densities in the order of 0.1 g cm are routinely used. The stability of the foam is influenced by the components of the chemical system, the viscosity of the foam and the method of foam preparation. The half-life of a foam is the time in which 50 % of the liquid in a given foam volume has been drained from the foam. Foams for textile applications can have half-lives from a few seconds to several horns. 

When a choroidal effusion (Figure 30-4) is detected without a wound leak, the patient can be treated with topical corticosteroids, such as 1% prednisolone acetate, one drop every 2 to 4 hours, with or without cycloplegia, such as homatropine 5% or atropine sulfate 1%, one drop two to four times daily. Routine topical antibiotics should be continued. When medical management fails to resolve the choroidal detachment (effusion) or if anterior synechiae form, consideration should be given to draining the fluid and re-forming the anterior chamber. 

Whilst quality control and safety data for cell lines are continuously being improved, the fundamental standards associated with the running of repositories are now established and provide reassurance to the user community that a minimum quality and safety standard is in place. In addition, many individuals and groups deposit new cell lines with collections as a matter of routine because they provide a valuable backup safe repository, give independent validation and relieve laboratories of the drain on time and resources required to maintain and distribute cells. A culture collection will also enhance the value of a culture by collating data on it and collections are increasingly efficient at making these data available to potential users. 

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