Downward Communication

In this chapter, we share with you the aspects of communication that mattered most to the thousands of employees and managers with whom we interacted. We analyzed their input into the following 12 themes Formal organizational cormnunication. Downward communication. Upward communication. Informal communication. One-on-one cormnunication. Increased communication. Transparency, Career development communication, Mode of communication. Receiving feedback, Safe space, and Multilingual communication. 

Lack of downward communication impacted performance when standards were unclear. Said Big Bank employees, I hear there is a scorecard but have had no] communication about it from my management. Not getting feedback appropriately is not helpful to career development. Standard operating procedures also need to be communicated clearly from leaders. A Big School graduate student recalled ... 

Management of the operating organization at all levels should encourage and cultivate effective communication. Downward communication should provide assurance that management s direction and expectations are understood upward communication should help encourage the identification of problems directly to... 

The downward spectral irradiance data [Ed(X), the ambient UV radiation] were generated with the atmospheric model of Frederick and Lubin (27) and ozone levels measured during the course of this study (J.E. Frederick, pers. commun.). The relative degree of UV enhancement (%ENH) for each chamber was calculated as follows ... 

It collides with the gas communicating a large downward momentum to the gas molecules. The top jet operates at the lowest pressure. The body of the pump is typically cooled by water or air. When the vapour reaches the cooled walls, it condenses back into a fluid which drops into the pump boiler for reboiling. 

The industry that produces and provides these inputs for the lawn finds itself in a situation of increasing competition, rising costs, falling revenues, debt, and consolidation. Such conditions require increased access and sales to consumers more people must use inputs and users must apply more. The result has been a new approach, representing the lawn not just as a desirable individual household item, but as a community and family-oriented collective good. In the process, industry continues to shed costs and risks downward and outward towards consumers and workers (Chapter 5). 

Trends in particulate matter with diameters less than 10 nm, PM10, in the Los Angeles air basin from 1985 to 1994 are shown in Fig. 16.43 (Prasad, personal communication, 1997). A downward trend in both the mean and the maximum levels is evident, occurring along with similar trends in 03, NOx, and particulate nitrate and sulfate in this region (see Figs. 16.36 and 16.37). This is qualitatively consistent with expectations... 

Over a period of about twenty years the results of surveillance for veterinary drug residues in meat and animal products in the UK have provided reassurance that residues of veterinary drugs occur at very low concentrations and generally at low frequencies. Over this period repeated surveillance and improved communication and awareness of the producer and feed industry has resulted in a downward trend in the level and incidence of residues detected. However, contamination hot spots remain (e.g. animal medicated feed) and will continue to be monitored in the future. In addition, as new products are introduced into the market they will be evaluated during the licensing process to establish any risk from their residues present in human food. The UK also imports a significant amount of animal-derived food and the presence and risk to the UK consumer of residues in these products must also be considered and appropriate measures taken to protect the UK consumer. 

Parallel flow paths of this type are even less wise in a situation where a relatively small downward temperature excursion causes waxes to form and creates danger that deposits of waxy catalyst will block some tubes entirely. Until the mid-1970s, Sasol s operations were plagued by involuntary shutdowns (Mclver, personal communication, 1972) for clearing blocked tubes with jets of high pressure water or more severe mechanical means (Shingles and McDonald, 1988). 

During the daytime, a transpiring and photosynthesizing plant community as a whole can have a net vertical flux density of CO2 (/coz) downward toward it and a net vertical flux density of water vapor (71W) upward away from it into the turbulent air above the canopy. These flux densities are expressed per unit area of the ground or, equivalently, per unit area of the (horizontal) plant canopy. Each of the flux densities depends on the appropriate gradient. The vertical flux density of water vapor, for example, depends on the rate of change of water vapor concentration in the turbulent air, c, with respect to distance, z, above the vegetation ... 

Besides the complex nature of the actual PPF level, biological factors can vary downward through a plant community. For instance, a shift from sun leaves to shade leaves (Fig. 7-11) can occur for a taller species. Also, the nitrogen content per unit leaf area tends to deci ease in concert with the decrease in PPF, which reduces the photosynthetic capacity of many species. 

In contrast to the concentration of water vapor, which continuously decreases with increasing distance above the ground, on a sunny day the CO2 concentration generally achieves a minimum somewhere within a plant community (Fig. 9-5). This occurs because both the turbulent air above the canopy and also the soil can serve as sources of C02. During the day, C02 diffuses toward lower concentrations from the soil upward into the vegetation and from the overlying turbulent air downward into the plant community. 

A statement that generalizes a quantity of experimentally observable phenomena is called a scientific law. For example, if a person drops a pencil, it falls downward. This result is predicted by the law of gravity. A generalization that attempts to explain why certain experimental results occur is called a hypothesis. When a hypothesis is accepted as true by the scientific community, it is then called a theory. One of the most important scientific laws is the law of conservation of mass During any process (chemical reaction, physical change, or... 

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