Dose delivery system

For granules and the like with a dose-delivery system, there is discussion of the accuracy of dosing and the suitability of the delivery system, taking into account the recommended dosing instructions for the product. 

Fig. 6.13 InnovaSytems Inc. s automated dose delivery system layout [32]. Reproduced with permission of Zymark Corporation.

Clinical pharmacy is founded on three basic activities drug selection, drug information, and rational distribution (unit-dose). If these activities are not present, other clinical activities cannot be developed. Drug information, the unit-dose delivery system, parenteral and enteral nutrition programs, therapeutic drug monitoring, participation in clinical trials, and other activities developed by Spanish hospital pharmacists are modest examples of what is known as clinical pharmacy.Clinical pharmacy is slowly changing society s idea of hospital pharmacy in Spain. 

A recent technological advancement is represented by the development of automatic dose delivery system, able to modulate the tube current on the basis of the depth of tissues to be scanned. In other words, this technique allows one to reduce patient radiation dose modifying the tube output according to the patient geometry during each rotation and in the longitudinal direction. 

The hi-dose delivery system for our intransal ketamine product candidate provides non-invasive (i.e. needle-free) administration compared to IV or IM injections, via a rugged, simple to use device that can be patient-administered if necessary. Each disposable device delivers a total of 30 mg ketamine with well-characterized, predictable pharmacokinetics. This approach to delivering subanesthetic doses of ketamine may be particularly advantageous in emergency situations where convenience, speed of drug delivery/onset, and avoidance of accidental needle sticks in healthcare providers are desirable. In addition, our intranasal ketamine product candidate was formulated to minimize neurotoxicity, a question that has been raised regarding the differently formulated ketamine product currently approved for anesthesia. 

Generally, inhaled glucocorticoids have few side effects, the appearance of which depends on the dose, the frequency of administration, and the delivery system used. The most common side effect is dysphonia (hoarseness), which affects approximately one third of treated patients. Oropharyngeal candidiasis (thrush)... 

Desmopressin may be given orally, intranasally, SC, or IV. The oral dose must be determined for each individual patient and adjusted according to the patient s response to therapy. When the drug is administered nasally, a nasal tube is used for administration. The nasal tube delivery system comes with a flexible calibrated plastic tube called a rhinyle. The solution is drawn into the rhinyle. One end is inserted into the nostril and the patient (if condition allows) blows the other end to deposit solution deep into the nasal cavity. A nasal spray pump may also be used. Most adults require 0.2 mL daily in two divided doses to control diabetes insipidus. The drug may also be administered via the SC route or direct IV injection. 

Recently, water-soluble protein fractions, isolated from extracts of bone matrix, were incorporated into a collagen matrix and shown to induce bone (67,68) and cartilage formation both in vitro and in vivo (69,70). In the latter studies, in the absence of the collajgen delivery system, the proteins were incapable of inducing cartilage formation in vivo when implanted intramuscularly into mice. The success of this approach appears to depend on delivering the active agents at an effective dose over an extended time period. 

Welling, P.G. Deobrinska, M.R. "Dosing considerations and bioavailability assessment of controlled drug delivery systems" In Controlled Drug Delivery Robinson, J.R., Lee, V.H.L., Eds. Drugs and the Pharmaceutical Sciences M. Dekker, New York, NY, 1987, Vol. 29, pp. 253-292. 

L. Z. Benet, Input factors as determinants of drug activity route, dose, dosage regimen, and the drug delivery system, in Principles and Techniques of Human Research and Therapeutics, Vol. 3, (F. G. McMahon, Ed.), Futura, New York, 1974, pp. 9-23. 

If one were to imagine the ideal drug-delivery system, two prerequisites would be required. First, it would be a single dose for the duration of treatment, whether it be for days or weeks, as with infection, or for the lifetime of the patient, as in hypertension or diabetes. Second, it should deliver the active entity directly to the site of action, thereby minimizing or eliminating side effects. This may necessitate delivery to specific receptors, or to localization to cells or to specific areas of the body. 

The eye is unique in its therapeutic challenges. An efficient mechanism, that of tears and tear drainage, which quickly eliminates drug solution, makes topical delivery to the eye somewhat different from most other areas of the body [137]. Usually less than 10% of a topically applied dose is absorbed into the eye, leaving the rest of the dose to potentially absorb into the bloodstream [138], resulting in unwanted side effects. The goal of most controlled-delivery systems is to... 

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