Doppler measurements

Winnewisser G, Belov S P, Klaus T and Sohieder R 1997 Sub-Doppler measurements on the rotational transitions of oarbon monoxide J. Mol. Spectrosc. 184 468-72... 

An imperfect solution to the problems arising from the contradictory (to Moyal s Identity) requirements of good range and Doppler measurement is adopted by a pulse-Doppler radar. The solution involves the following mechanisms ... 

Sub-Doppler Measurement of Excited-State Rotational Constants and Rotational Coherence by Picosecond Multiphoton Ionization Mass Spectrometry, N. F. Scherer, L. R. Khundkar, T. S. Rose, and A. H. Zewail, J. Phys. Chem. 91, 6478 (1987). 

The effects of raloxifene on the vascular endothelium have been studied in 19 subjects who underwent endothelial function testing at baseline and after treatment with placebo or raloxifene (60 mg/day for 6 weeks) (27). The findings in this small short-term study were entirely positive. Brachial artery diameter change (flow-mediated dilatation) increased 5.0% with placebo and 8.6% with raloxifene in response to a hyperemic stimulus. The ratio of AUC response to AUC reference with the use of laser Doppler measures was 1.18 for placebo and 1.28 for raloxifene. Flow-mediated dilatation and AUC ratio correlated significantly. The authors concluded that raloxifene enhanced endothelial-mediated dilatation in brachial arteries and digital vessels in these women, and they discussed the drug s possible cardioprotective effect. 

Earlier studies (ref. 440-442) with ordinary air microbubbles (without any synthetic surfactant coating) have already shown that echocardiographic contrast produced by microbubbles is useful in the qualitative analysis of blood flow and valvular regurgitation. In addition, quantitative studies (ref. 440) have shown a correlation between individual contrast trajectories on M-mode echocardiography and invasive velocity measurements in human beings. Meltzer et al. (ref. 441) have shown that velocities derived from the slopes of contrast trajectories seen on M-mode echocardiography correlate with simultaneous velocities obtained by Doppler techniques. (This correlation is expected because both measures represent the same projection of the microbubble velocity vector, that is, in the direction of the sound beam.) More detailed studies (ref. 442) confirmed that microbubble velocity obtained from either Doppler echocardiography or M-mode contrast trajectory slope analysis correlates well with actual (Doppler-measured) red blood cell velocity. Thus, these early studies have shown that microbubbles travel with intracardiac velocities similar to those of red blood cells. 

Durst, F. and Zar6, M. (1975). Laser Doppler Measurements in Two-Phase Flows. Proceedings of LDA Symposium, Copenhagen. 

Both types of noncontact Doppler measurements are suitable for nearly all hydrodynamic and aerodynamic velocity measurement applications. When locating other anemometers, the structures on which they are mounted are likely to disturb the airflow. A rectangular building will disturb airflow up to an elevation of about twice its height above grade, six times its height leeward, and twice its height in the windward direchon. 

Marmorino, GO., and Trump, C.L. (2000) Shore-based acoustic Doppler measurement of near-surface currents across a small embayment. J. Coastal Res. 16, 864—869. 

Infra-red chemiluminescence has been used to measure the vibrational state distributions of CO2 formed by reaction on Pt and Pd surfaces [45-50]. While the detection sensitivity of infrared chemiluminescence does not approach that of LIF or REMPI, it is an attractive way to probe molecules such as CO2 where there is substantial vibrational excitation and REMPI schemes are not available. In some cases Doppler measurement of the translational energy release can be achieved, giving direct information on the translational energy release of vibrationally excited C02 [45]. Recently infrared diode laser spectroscopy has been used to detect vibrationally excited CO2 from CO oxidation over... 

In a typical Doppler measurement only one of the two annihilation photons with on average half of the Doppler shift is observed. With second detector opposite to the first one and operated in coincidence with the first one the full Doppler shift is observed. The signal to noise ratio improves by a factor of-1000. The shell structure of tightly bound core electrons of atoms does not change much when the atoms form a solid. Doppler shifts from these electrons can be detected and permit the identification of specific elements next to the annihilation site [70]. 

Thoresen M, Wesch J. Doppler measurements of changes in human mammary and uterine blood flow during pregnancy and lactation. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1988 67 741-5. 

For sensitized mothers with an at-risk fetus, serial titers are performed on maternal serum every month until 24 weeks gestation, then every 2 weeks thereafter. If a critical titer anti-D is detected, then ultrasound Doppler measurements are used to determine the peak velocity of blood flow in the fetal middle cerebral artery. Higher velocity is a strong indicator of fetal anemia. In addition, amniocentesis is performed to assess the bilirubin concentration in amniotic fluid. 

Watrasiewicz, B. W. Rudd, M. J. "Laser Doppler Measurements" Butterworths London, 1975. 

RV function. Another technique to assess RV function is the measurements of isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT). Prolonged right ventricular IVRT in IPAH patients was found to be the strongest predictor of clinical status and survival (35). Another novel method of predicting outcomes in patients with IPAH is Doppler measurement of pulmonary vascular capacitance, which is calculated by utilization of the relationship between stroke volume and pulmonary pulse pressure. In multivariate analysis, echo-calculated pulmonary vascular capacitance correlated more strongly with outcomes than invasively measured mPAP, RA pressure, and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) (36). 

Durst, F. and Zare, M., Laser-Doppler measurements in two-phase flows. Proceedings of the LDA-Symposium, University of Denmark (1975)... 

Qiu, H.-H., Sommerfeld, M. and Durst, F., High resolution data processing for phase-Doppler measurements in a complex two-phase flow. Measurement Science and Technology, Vol. 2, 455-463 (1991)... 

Qiu, H.-H. and Sommerfeld, M., The impact of signal processing on the accuracy of phase-Doppler measurements. Proc. 6th Workshop on Two-Phase Flow Predictions, Erlangen 1992, (Ed. Sommerfeld, M ), Bilateral Seminars of the International Bureau Forschungszentrum Julich, 421-430 (1993)... 

Albrecht, H. E., Borys, M., Damaschke, N., and Tropea, C. Laser Doppler and Phase Doppler Measurement Techniques. Berlin Springer, 2003. 

Fig. 6. Rotational levels of NHj(A R ) in o"—(0,0,0) and (0,1,0). Doppler measurements made in levels indicated by strong lines.

Molen, van der, k. andMAANEN, VAN, H. R. E. Chem. Eng. Sci. 33 (1978) 1161. Laser-Doppler measurements of the turbulent flow in stirred vessels to establish scaling rules. 

Montciro-Riviere, N. A., Banks, Y. B., and Bimhaum, L, S. (1991), La,ser Doppler measurements of cutaneous blood flow ageing in mice. Toxicol. Lett. 57,329-338. 

The decreased thyroid blood flow, which was an object of controversy, has been confirmed (Arntzenius et ai, 1991) by Doppler measurement. 

Van Santbrink H, Schouten JW, Steyeiberg EW, Avezaat Cl, Maas AL (2002) Serial transcranial Doppler measurements in traumatic brain injury with special focus on the early posttraumatic period. Acta Neurochir (l en) 144 1141-1149... 

The breakup parameter, Kbu, in the bag breakup and the stripping breakup regime is proportional to the characteristic breakup frequencies suggested by [5]. The characteristic breakup frequency for the catastrophic breakup regime is derived from the study of the RT instability by Bellman and Pennington [21] as reported by Patterson and Reitz [11]. The constant k = 0.05 has been determined such that the drop radii match the phase Doppler measurements of Schneider [22], whereas the values for the constants ki and k are chosen such that Kbu is continuous at the regime-dividing Weber numbers, Web,s and Wcg c-... 

F. Durst, G. Richter, Laser Doppler measurements of wind velocities using visible radiation, in Photon Correlation Techniques in Fluid Mechanics, ed. by E.O. Schulz-Dubois. Springer Ser. Opt. Sci., vol. 38 (Springer, Berlin, 1983), p. 136... 

Nowicki A, Kowalewski T, Secomski W, Wojcik J (1998) Estimation of acoustic Streaming theoretical model, Doppler measurements and optical visualisation. European J Ultrasound 7 73-81... 

Albrecht H, Borys M, Damaschke N, Tropea C (2003) Laser-Doppler and phase-Doppler measurement techniques. Springer, Heidelberg... 

FIGURE 1.5 Laser Doppler measurement of polyaniline primary particles in an organic solvent dispersion. (Reprinted from Wessling, B., Handbook of Nanostructured Materials and Nanotechnology, vol. 5, ed. H.S. Nahva, Academic Press, New York, 1999, 525. With permission, copyright 2000 Elsevier Science)... 

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