Laser Doppler velocimetry measurements

The burner of Case 1 uses a swirled injector (Fig. 9.1) where swirl is produced by tangential injection downstream of a plenum. A central hub contributes to flame stabilization. In the experiment methane is injected through holes located in the swirler but mixing is fast so that perfect premixing is assumed for computations. Experiments include LDV (Laser Doppler Velocimetry) measurements for the cold flow as well as a study of various combustion regimes. The dimensions of the combustion chamber are 86 mm X 86 mm x 110 mm. 

The effects of tafluprost on IOP and retinal blood flow (RBF) were studied in adult cats [41]. A single drop of tafluprost was placed in one eye and IOP, vessel diameter, blood velocity, and RBF were measured simultaneously by laser Doppler velocimetry. Measurements carried out at 30 and 60min after dosing showed 16.1% and 21.0% IOP reduction, respectively, as well as 1% and 2.4% reduction in mean vessel diameter, respectively. The mean blood velocity increases were 17.4% and 13.7%, respectively, and the mean RBF increases were 20.7% and 18.8%, respectively, 30 and 60min after dosing. 

Laser Doppler Velocimetry measurements were performed on a TARS in a cold-flow test rig that simulates an identical hot combustion rig. Axial and tangential velocity mapping of the flow in different cross-sectional planes and along a centerline streamwise plane revealed several important flow structures in the triple annular swirling flow with co-swirling and counter-swirling cases. An axisym-metric recirculation zone was formed in the center of the flow, but the outer... 

This system produces a steady laminar flow with a flat velocity profile at the burner exit for mean flow velocities up to 5m/s. Velocity fluctuations at the burner outlet are reduced to low levels as v /v< 0.01 on the central axis for free jet injection conditions. The burner is fed with a mixture of methane and air. Experiments-described in what follows are carried out at fixed equivalence ratios. Flow perturbations are produced by the loudspeaker driven by an amplifier, which is fed by a sinusoidal signal s)mthesizer. Velocity perturbations measured by laser doppler velocimetry (LDV) on the burner symmetry axis above the nozzle exit plane are also purely sinusoidal and their spectral... 

There are many nonintrusive experimental tools available that can help scientists to develop a good picture of fluid dynamics and transport in chemical reactors. Laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV), particle image velocimetry (PIV) and sonar Doppler for velocity measurement, planar laser induced fluorescence (PLIF) for mixing studies, and high-speed cameras and tomography are very useful for multiphase studies. These experimental methods combined with computational fluid dynamics (CFDs) provide very good tools to understand what is happening in chemical reactors. 

In homogeneous turbulence, the one-point joint velocity PDF can be written as /u(V t), and can be readily measured using hot-wire anemometry or laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV). 

In an earlier phase of this work [9] the intensities of axial and circumferential components of velocity fluctuation were measured in the TC annulus, using Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV), for a wide range of cylinder rotation speeds. On average, the intensities of axial velocity fluctuations were found to be within 25% of the intensities of circumferential velocity fluctuations [9]. As in Ronney et al. [5], turbulence intensities were found to be nearly homogeneous along the axial direction and over most of the annulus width, and to be linearly proportional... 

Campbell and Hanratty (1982) used Lau s (1980) measurements with some special optics on a laser Doppler velocimetry system to calculate /3(f) near a fixed interface, in this case, the inside of a clear pipe. They determined w(z,t) from equation (8.52), and solved equations (8.49) and (8.50) numerically for / l(0- Finally, they applied equation (8.51) to determine Kl, which has been the goal all along. The end results (Kl) may then be related to the other, independent parameters that are important to the transfer process, such as diffusivity, viscosity, and turbulence parameters. Campbell and Hanratty performed this operation and found the following correlation ... 

The methods described in this book are primarily concerned with the measurement of the microstructure of complex fluids subject to the application of external, orienting fields. In the case of flow, it is also of interest to measure the kinematics of the fluid motion. This chapter describes two experimental techniques that can be used for this purpose laser Doppler velocimetry for the measurement of fluid velocities, and dynamic light scattering (or photon correlation spectroscopy) for the determination of velocity gradients. 

Laser Doppler velocimetry is a powerful technique for the in situ measurement of fluid velocities. The basic optical configuration for the measurement is shown in Figure 6.1. The velocity measurement is made at the intersection of two laser beams that are focused to a point in the flow. The use of laser radiation is essential since the light must be monochromatic and coherent. This is required since the intersection of the two beams must create an interference pattern within the fluid. Such a pattern is shown in Figure 6.2, where two plane waves intersect at an angle 2(J). The two waves will have the following form [55] ... 

The application of laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) to measure the electrophoretic mobility n of charged colloidal particles is known as laser Doppler electrophoresis (LDE). In a typical LDE experiment, an applied electric field drives the collective motion of charged colloidal particles. The particles pass through an interference pattern created by a dual-beam experimental setup (Section III.A.2). The collective electrophoretic velocity of the particles is then determined via intensity- or spectrum-based analysis of the scattered light, and the electrophoretic mobility n is calculated by dividing the velocity by the applied electric field strength. 

Lemoine, F Wolff, M., and Lebouche, M., Simultaneous concentration and velocity measurement using combined laser-induced fluorescence and laser Doppler velocimetry Application to turbulent transport. Exp Fluids 20,319 (1996). 

Unambiguous determination of the conditions under which slippage occurs requires a technique able to measure the velocity of the fluid in the immediate vicinity of the solid wall over a thickness comparable to the size of a polymer chain, i.e. a few tens of nanometers. Classical laser Doppler velocimetry does not meet this requirement even if it allows for the determination of velocity profiles which clearly reveal a non-zero velocity within typically a few 10 pm from the wall. We have developed a new optical technique. Near Field Velocimetry (N.F.V.) [14], which combines Evanescent Wave Induced Fluorescence (E.WF.) [27] and Fringe Pattern Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching (F.P.F.R.A.P.) [28]. The former technique gives the spatial resolution normal to the solid wall, while the latter one enables the determination of the local velocity of the fluid. A major constraint of the technique is that it needs polymer molecules labelled with an easily photobleachable fluorescent probe. 

The laser phase Doppler particle analyzer (PDPA) simultaneously measures particle velocity, size and flux and may be considered an extension of laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV). It is particularly useful for... 

Laser Doppler velocimetry (see section 9.6) has also been used for the measurement of a broad size range of drop sizes in solid-liquid and liquid spraying systems [211,212]. 

Fig. 28 Results of measurements, using laser-Doppler velocimetry, by Shekhar and Evans on a water model for studying gas driven electrolyte flow beneath anodes. Flow beneath a flat horizontal anode (inner rectangle), as seen from above, is depicted. The flow is seen to be very slow [44, 54].

The Malvern API Aerosizer (Malvern Instruments Ltd., Southborough, MA) operates on the principle of supersonic flow in a jet, followed by laser Doppler velocimetry to measure the aerodynamic diameter of particles in the size range from 0.5 to 200 pm using 50 channels. The operating flowrate is 6 L/min. The Atcor Net-2000 is a similar device for determining aerodynamic diameter, except that it is capable of sizing particles up to only 5.0 pm in diameter at a flowrate of 0.1 ft3/min (2.83 L/min). 

Laser Doppler velocimetry has been combined with acoustic excitation to allow the derivation of the relaxation time for particles, from which the aerodynamic diameter can be calculated [132-136], The particle relaxation time is derived from the velocity amplitude of the aerosol particle and that of the medium while the aerosol is subjected to acoustic excitation of a known frequency. A differential laser Doppler velocimeter is used to measure the velocity amplitude of the particle, and a microphone is used to measure the velocity amplitude of the medium. The aerodynamic diameter of the particle can be derived from the relaxation time and the known particle density. The method can be applied to real-time in situ measurement of the size distribution of an aerosol containing both solid and liquid droplets in the diameter range of 0.1 -10 pm. 

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