M-mode echocardiography

Earlier studies (ref. 440-442) with ordinary air microbubbles (without any synthetic surfactant coating) have already shown that echocardiographic contrast produced by microbubbles is useful in the qualitative analysis of blood flow and valvular regurgitation. In addition, quantitative studies (ref. 440) have shown a correlation between individual contrast trajectories on M-mode echocardiography and invasive velocity measurements in human beings. Meltzer et al. (ref. 441) have shown that velocities derived from the slopes of contrast trajectories seen on M-mode echocardiography correlate with simultaneous velocities obtained by Doppler techniques. (This correlation is expected because both measures represent the same projection of the microbubble velocity vector, that is, in the direction of the sound beam.) More detailed studies (ref. 442) confirmed that microbubble velocity obtained from either Doppler echocardiography or M-mode contrast trajectory slope analysis correlates well with actual (Doppler-measured) red blood cell velocity. Thus, these early studies have shown that microbubbles travel with intracardiac velocities similar to those of red blood cells. 

Guo, W., Wang, C., Lu, L. 2006. Study of wall motion velocity and acceleration with LEJ-1 omni-directional M-mode echocardiography. Chinese Journal of Ultrasound Medicine 22(9) 665-667. (in Chinese). 

Meyer TE, Sareh P, Marcus RH, Patel J, Berk MR. Beneficial effect of atrial pacing in severe acute aortic regurgitation and role of M-mode echocardiography in determining the optimal pacing interval. Am J Cardiol 1991 67 398-403. 

R.S. Meltzer, B. Diebold, N.K. Valk, D. Blanchard, J.L. Guermonprez, C.T. Lancee, P. Peronneau and J. Roelandt, Correlation between velocity measurements from Doppler echocardiography and from M-mode contrast echocardiography, Br. Heart J. 49 (1983) 244-249. 

Snider AR, Ports TA, Silverman NH. Venous anomalies of the coronary sinus detection by M-mode, two-dimensional and contrast echocardiography. Circulation 1979 60 721-7. 

Roelandt J, ed The practice of M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiography. 1983. ISBN 90-247-2745-6. Meyer J, Schweizer P, Erbel R, eds Advances in noninvasive cardiology. 1983. ISBN 0-89838-576-8. 

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