Echocardiography Doppler

Schnittger I, Appleton CP, Hatle LK, Popp RL. Diastolic mitral and tricuspid regurgitation by Doppler echocardiography in patients with atrioventricular block new insight into the mechanism of atrioventricular valve closure. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 1988 11 83-8. 

Panidis IP, Ross J, Munley B, Nestico P, Mintz GS. Diastolic mitral regurgitation in patients with atrioventricular conduction abnormalities a common finding by Doppler echocardiography. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 1986 7 768-74. 

Earlier studies (ref. 440-442) with ordinary air microbubbles (without any synthetic surfactant coating) have already shown that echocardiographic contrast produced by microbubbles is useful in the qualitative analysis of blood flow and valvular regurgitation. In addition, quantitative studies (ref. 440) have shown a correlation between individual contrast trajectories on M-mode echocardiography and invasive velocity measurements in human beings. Meltzer et al. (ref. 441) have shown that velocities derived from the slopes of contrast trajectories seen on M-mode echocardiography correlate with simultaneous velocities obtained by Doppler techniques. (This correlation is expected because both measures represent the same projection of the microbubble velocity vector, that is, in the direction of the sound beam.) More detailed studies (ref. 442) confirmed that microbubble velocity obtained from either Doppler echocardiography or M-mode contrast trajectory slope analysis correlates well with actual (Doppler-measured) red blood cell velocity. Thus, these early studies have shown that microbubbles travel with intracardiac velocities similar to those of red blood cells. 

R.S. Meltzer, B. Diebold, N.K. Valk, D. Blanchard, J.L. Guermonprez, C.T. Lancee, P. Peronneau and J. Roelandt, Correlation between velocity measurements from Doppler echocardiography and from M-mode contrast echocardiography, Br. Heart J. 49 (1983) 244-249. 

Pulmonary artery pressure and cardiac valvular status were determined in a series of 156 mostly asymptomatic patients taking fenfluramine and phentermine (59). The anorexigen was withdrawn when abnormalities were noted. Pulmonary artery pressure was estimated and valvular examination was performed using Doppler echocardiography. There was borderline or mildly elevated pulmonary artery pressure in 21 patients and 31 patients had notable valvular abnormalities. It has therefore been established that asymptomatic patients may have significant echocardiographic abnormalities, representing early lesions. 

P.P.-Dimitrow Coronary Flow Reserve - Measurement and Application Focus on transthoracic Doppler echocardiography. 2002 ISBN 1 -4020-7213-9 G.A. Danieli Genetics and Genomics for the Cardiologist. 2002... 

Mahapatra S, Nishimura RA, Oh JK, et al. The prognostic value of pulmonary vascular capacitance determined by Doppler echocardiography in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2006 19 1045-50. 

Pignone A, Mori F, Pieri F, et al. Exercise Doppler echocardiography identifies preclinic asymptomatic pulmonary hypertension in systemic sclerosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007 1108 291-304. 

Gramiak R, Holen J (1984) CW and pulsed Doppler echocardiography utilizing a stand-alone system. Ultrasound Med Biol 10 215-224... 

Because ICG is a very simple and low-cost technique, very valuable applications may appear. It must be remembered that a gold standard method for SV and CO does not exist the intramethod variability may be larger than the intermethod variability. Reference methods have been thermodilution, dye dilution, oxygen Pick technique, radionuclear radiography, and transesophageal Doppler echocardiography. 

Echo has been used to assess aU levels of mechanical dyssynchrony dys-synchrony between the atrium and the ventricle, interventricular dyssynchrony, and intraventricular dyssynchrony. Echo Doppler imaging at the level of the mitral valve inflow shows the effects of a long AV interval (fused E and A waves with diastolic mitral regurgitation), short AV interval (truncation of A wave with loss of atrial kick), and optimal AV interval (aortic systolic flow starts at the end of A wave) (5,31). This is illustrated in Fig. 11.4. Pulsed-wave Doppler echocardiography has been used to evaluate interventricular dyssynchrony that is defined as the time difference between right and left ventricular pre-ejection intervals. This is usually measured from the onset of the QRS complex on the EKG (that correlates with the end of diastole) to the onset of the aortic and pulmonary ejection. Delayed aortic ejection time (>40-50ms) has been used as a marker of interventricular dyssynchrony that improves with CRT (32-34). 

Gelfand EV et al. (2006) Severity of mitral and aortic regurgitation as assessed by cardiovascular magnetic resonance optimizing correlation with Doppler echocardiography. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 8 503 507... 

Adgey AAJ, ed Acute phase of ischemic heart disease and myocardial infarction. 1982. ISBN 90-247-2675-1. Hanrath P, Bleifeld W, Souquet, J. eds Cardiovascular diagnosis by ultrasound. Transesophageal, computerized, contrast, Doppler echocardiography. 1982. ISBN 90-247-2692-1. 

Pulmonary arteries The retrosternal position of central pulmonary arteries makes it difficult to assess pulmonary blood flow by Doppler echocardiography, especially in the presence of skeletal or lung abnormalities. NMR velocity imaging is not... 

Doppler echocardiography is the preferred method for assessment of DF. Transmitral flow analysis via E-and A-waves forms the fundamental basis of DF assessment. In clinical cardiology, clinical assessment... 

Hurrell DG, Nishimura RA, llstrup DM, and Appleton CR Utility of preload alteration in assessment of left ventricular filling pressure by Doppler echocardiography A simultaneous catheterization and Doppler echocardiographic study. Journal of American College of Cardiology 1997 30 459-67. 

Jacques DC, Pinsky MR, Severyn D, and Gorcsan J. Influence of alterations in loading on mitral annular velocity by tissue Doppler echocardiography and its associated ability to predict fiUing pressures. Chest 2004 126 1910-8. 

Kovacs SJ, Barzilai B, and P rez JE. Evaluation of diastohc function with Doppler echocardiography The PDF formalism. American Journal of Physiology - Heart and Circulatory Physiology 1987 252 H178-87. 

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