Thioketene silyl acetal

A kinetic study of the Ph2BOH-catalysed reactions of several aldehydes with 2 revealed that the rate of the disappearance of 2 followed first-order kinetics and was independent from the reactivity of the aldehydes used. Taking into account this result, we have proposed the reaction mechanism in which a silyl enol ether is transformed to the corresponding diphenylboryl enolate before the aldol addition step takes place (Scheme 13.1). The high diastereoselectivity is consistent with the mechanism, in which the aldol step proceeds via a chair-like six-membered transition state. The opposite diastereoselectivity in the reaction with the geometrical isomers of the thioketene silyl acetal shown in Table 13.3 also supports the mechanism via the boron enolate, because this trend was also observed in the classical boron enolate-mediated reactions in dry organic solvents. Although we have not yet observed the boron enolates directly under the reaction conditions, this mechanism can explain all of the experimental data obtained and is considered as the most reasonable one. As far as we know, this is the first example of... 

A recent notable finding in this field is Mukaiyama aldol reactions in aqueous medium (THF H20 = 9 1) catalyzed by metal salts. Lewis acids based on Fe(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II), and those of some main group metals and lanthanides are stable in water. Remarkably, the aldol reaction shown in Sch. 29 occurs more rapidly than the hydrolysis of the silyl enol ether [137]. In the presence of surfactants (dodecyl sulfates or dodecane sulfonate salts), reactions of thioketene silyl acetals with benzaldehyde can be performed in water [138]. 

Kobayashi et al. reported the first synthesis of polymer-supported silyl enolates (thioketene silyl acetals) and their reactions with aldehydes for the preparation of 1,3-diol, / -hydroxy carboxylic acid, and /i-hydroxy aldehyde libraries (Scheme 10.37) [104]. In the presence of 20 mol% Sc(OTf)3, polymer-supported silyl enolate 42 derived from chloromethyl copoly(styrene-l% divinylbenzene) resin via 41 reacts smoothly with a variety of aldehydes. The resulting adducts can be easily purified by acid treatment and subsequent washing with water and organic solvents. The purified adducts are converted into 1,3-diols with LiBH4, -hydroxy carboxylic acids with NaOH, and -hydroxy aldehydes with DIBALH. This strategy has been used for efficient synfhesis of diverse monosaccharide derivatives [105]. 

Masamune et al. examined the catalytic activity of several boron Lewis acids derived from BH3 THF and the p-toluenesulfonamides of simple a-amino acids towards the aldol reaction of benzaldehyde with TMS enolate 48 [121]. As a result, the borane catalysts derived from a,a-disubstituted glycine p-tolueriesulforiarriides were found to have high activity. The disubstitution would accelerate the second step (Step II) of the catalytic cycle (Scheme 10.43). On the basis of this observation, they developed chiral borane catalysts 47 c and 47 d, which enable highly enantioselective aldol reactions of KSA and thioketene silyl acetals (84—99% ee with 48). 

A chiral catalyst system for aldol reaction of conjugated thioketene silyl acetals (i.e., from thio esters) consists of Ti-BINOL and (MeO)3B. The teranuclear Ti complex is air-stable and its use in aldol reactions requires low loading. ... 

Moreover, new PS-Sc (8) simply prepared from PS — SO3H and Sc(OTf)3 was also found to be effective in several useful reactions as shown below (Schemes 12.70-12.73) [169]. It should be noted that the reaction of benzalacetone with the thioketene silyl acetal in water proceeded much faster than in other media including organic solvents (Scheme 12.74). 

Silyl acetals of thiol esters have also been studied. With TiCl4 as the Lewis acid, there is correspondence between the configuration of the silyl thioketene acetal and the adduct stereochemistry.314 L-Isomers show high anti selectivity, whereas Z-isomers are less selective. 

The enolates of other carbonyl compounds can be used in mixed aldol reactions. Extensive use has been made of the enolates of esters, thiol esters, amides, and imides, including several that serve as chiral auxiliaries. The methods for formation of these enolates are similar to those for ketones. Lithium, boron, titanium, and tin derivatives have all been widely used. The silyl ethers of ester enolates, which are called silyl ketene acetals, show reactivity that is analogous to silyl enol ethers and are covalent equivalents of ester enolates. The silyl thioketene acetal derivatives of thiol esters are also useful. The reactions of these enolate equivalents are discussed in Section 2.1.4. 

This reaction occurs through a TS in which the aldehyde is chelated, but the silyl thioketene acetal is not coordinated to the Ti (open TS). 

Entries 3 and 8 show additions of a silyl thioketene acetal to a-substituted... 

E- and Z-silyl thioketene acetals give the 2,3-anti product. The 3,4-syn ratio is 50 1, and is consistent with the Felkin model. When this nucleophile reacts with 2-benzyloxypropanal (Entry 8), a chelation product results. The facial selectivity with respect to the methyl group is now reversed. Both isomers of the silyl thioketene acetal give mainly the 2,3-syn-3A-syn product. The ratio is higher than 30 1 for the Z-enolate but only 3 1 for the F-enolate. 

The (3-methoxy group in Entry 12 has a similar effect. The aldehydes in Entries 13 and 14 also have a-methyl-(3-oxy substitution and the reactions in these cases are with a silyl ketene acetal and silyl thioketene acetal, respectively, resulting in a 3,4-syn relationship between the newly formed hydroxyl and a-methyl substituents. 

This and similar catalysts are effective with silyl ketene acetals and silyl thioketene acetals.155 One of the examples is the tridentate pyridine-BOX-type catalyst 18. The reactivity of this catalyst has been explored using a- and (3-oxy substituted aldehydes.154 a-Benzyloxyacetaldehyde was highly enantioselective and the a-trimethylsilyoxy derivative was weakly so (56% e.e.). Nonchelating aldehydes such as benzaldehyde and 3-phenylpropanal gave racemic product. 3-Benzyloxypropanal also gave racemic product, indicating that the (i-oxy aldehydes do not chelate with this catalyst. 

Several catalysts based on Ti(IV) and BINOL have shown excellent enantiose-lectivity in Mukaiyama aldol reactions.156 A catalyst prepared from a 1 1 mixture of BINOL and Ti(0-i-Pr)4 gives good results with silyl thioketene acetals in ether, but is very solvent sensitive.157... 

The enantioselectivity of Sn(II) enolate reactions can be controlled by chiral diamine additives. These reagents are particularly effective for silyl thioketene acetals.162 Several diamines derived from proline have been explored and l-methyl-2-(l-piperidinomethyl)pyrrolidine 21 is an example. Even higher enantioselectivity can be achieved by attachment of bicyclic amines to the pyrrolidinomethyl group.163... 

A number of other chiral catalysts can promote enantioselective conjugate additions of silyl enol ethers, silyl ketene acetals, and related compounds. For example, an oxazaborolidinone derived from allothreonine achieves high enantioselectivity in additions of silyl thioketene acetals.323 The optimal conditions for this reaction also include a hindered phenol and an ether additive. 

In contrast to titanium(IV) tetrachloride, which causes polymerization of a,3-unsaturated esters, aluminum triflate88 or aluminum-impregnated montmorillonite87b are excellent promoters of silyl ketene acetal additions to a,(3-unsaturated esters (Scheme 35). Similarly, the addition of silyl ketene acetals and enol silyl ethers to nitroalkenes, followed by Nef-type work-up, affords y-keto esters (216) and y-di-ketones (218), respectively (Scheme 35).89a>89b Mechanistically, the y-diketones (218) arise from Nef-type hydrolysis of an initial nitronate ester (217).89e 89d Mukaiyama reports that SbCls-Sn(OTf)2 catalyzes diastereoselective anti additions of silyl ketene acetals, silyl thioketene acetals and enol silyl ethers to a,(3-unsaturated thioesters (219).90... 

This peculiar stereoselectivity might be attributed to a memory effect from the approach geometry between the triplet excited benzaldehyde and the alkene. Abe and coworkers have also observed a comparable stereochemical effect in the Paterno-Buchi reaction of 4-cycanobenzalde-hyde with O-silylated thioketene acetals 129 (Sch. 43) resulting in the highly functionalized oxetanes 130 [64]. 

SCHEME 111. Synthesis of y-lactones from tartaric-derivedbis-thioester by aldol reaction and the bis-thioketene acetal obtained by silylation of the intermediate bis-enolate552... 

The addition reaction of thioacetate-derived enoxysilanes to the same substrates has also been investigated (Scheme 8-6). Thus, treatment of /< r/-butyl thioacetate-derived silyl thioketene acetal and benzyloxyacetaldehyde, methyl glyoxylate, or pynivates in the presence of as little as 0.5 mol% 68/69 in CH2CI2 at -78 C affords aldol adducts in up to 99% ee [33]. 

Variation of the thioalkyl group, silyloxy group, counterion of the trityl group, or the geometry of the thioketene acetals influences the stereochemistry of the Michael addition. The optimal substituents depend on the nature of the acceptor. In most instances, however, more bulky silyl groups result in higher selectivity. 

The additions of acetate, propionate, and other substituted enolates following the optimized protocol have been reported. The typical set of conditions prescribe the use of 10 to 30 mol % catalyst in propionitrile at -78 °C and slow addition of reactants. For the acetate-derived silyl thioketene acetals 106 adducts are obtained in up to 93% ee and 90% yield (Eq. 9) [8j]. The addition of thiopro-pionate-derived Z-silyl ketene acetal 108 to a range of aldehydes delivered aldol... 

The addition reaction of fert-butyl thioacetate-derived silyl ketene acetal produces the corresponding aldol adducts in 84% yield and up to 96% enantiomeric excess (Eq. 16). The enantioselectivity of the products was observed to be optimal with toluene as solvent the use of the more polar dichloromethane consistently produced adducts with 10-15% lower enantiomeric excess. The bulkier ferf-butylthioacetate-derived enol silane was found to lead to uniformly higher levels of enantioselectivity than the smaller S-ethyl thioketene acetal. This process is impressive in that it tolerates a wide range of aldehyde substrates for instance, the aldol addition reaction has been successfully conducted with aldehydes substituted with polar functionaUty such as N-Boc amides, chlorides, esters, and 0-benzyl ethers. A key feature of this system when compared to previously reported processes was the abiUty to achieve high levels of stereoselectivity at 0 °C, in contrast to other processes that commonly prescribe operating temperatures of -78 °C. 

In acyclic systems, reductions of the ketone group of 1.155 (Y = COR) give poor selectivities. Reactions of o-substituted aldehydes 1.155 (Y = CHO) with organomagnesium reagents, perfluoroalkyllithiums or nitromethane [540] or chloracetophenone [540, 544] anions are very selective. Such is also the case for their reactions with functionalized isonitriles [540], silyl enolethers or thioketene acetals in the presence of Lewis acids [545, 546], or in B aylis-Hillmann reactions [547],... 

A variation of this method has also been developed for cases in which reactions with (1) give poor results (eq 6). Thus the carbonyl compound is treated with 2-lithio-l,3-dithiane followed by TMSCl to generate the silyl ether. Subsequent addition of a second equivalent of n-butyllithium effects alkenation, affording the thioketene acetal in good yield. ... 

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