Documentation in Canada

Living in northern latitudes Vitamin D deficiency continues to be documented in Canada (Binet and Kooh, 1996). 

Many fluorocarbon compounds are listed by name in the regulations of DOT and TC, and those not listed can be shipped under refrigerant and dispersant gas, n.o.s. entries [9, 10]. At one time, the prefix mono was used in DOT listings to show the presence of one atom of the indicated element, but it is omitted in modem terminology. The prefix mono is not acceptable on documents in Canada. 

Ma.nufa.cture. Nickel carbonyl can be prepared by the direct combination of carbon monoxide and metallic nickel (77). The presence of sulfur, the surface area, and the surface activity of the nickel affect the formation of nickel carbonyl (78). The thermodynamics of formation and reaction are documented (79). Two commercial processes are used for large-scale production (80). An atmospheric method, whereby carbon monoxide is passed over nickel sulfide and freshly reduced nickel metal, is used in the United Kingdom to produce pure nickel carbonyl (81). The second method, used in Canada, involves high pressure CO in the formation of iron and nickel carbonyls the two are separated by distillation (81). Very high pressure CO is required for the formation of cobalt carbonyl and a method has been described where the mixed carbonyls are scmbbed with ammonia or an amine and the cobalt is extracted as the ammine carbonyl (82). A discontinued commercial process in the United States involved the reaction of carbon monoxide with nickel sulfate solution. 

The importance of an accurate and complete record of invention caimot be underestimated. The record of invention should serve as the basic document for estabUshing the date of conception and reduction to practice of the invention. The U.S. PTO issues patents to those who are first to invent. In a contest over inventorship, any available record of invention is submitted to the U.S. PTO to estabUsh proof of an inventor s rights. As of January 1, 1996, any inventor from a country belonging to the World Trade Organization may use such evidence before the U.S. PTO. Previously, this type of proof could be rehed upon only if the activity, documented in the notebook, record, etc, was undertaken in the United States. Similarly, activity undertaken after December 8, 1993 in Mexico or Canada may also be rehed upon to prove inventorship. 

We would like to gratefully acknowledge EMEA, ISO, EDQM, PIC/S, IMB, ISPE and Health Canada that granted us permission to reproduce selected copyrighted material. We reserve a special acknowledgement and thanks to the European Commission, the FDA and the ICH secretariat, the VICH and the GHTF, who have placed their regulatory documentation in the public domain, and we have reproduced several documents from these sources herein. 

McDonald and his associates (1973) in Canada found that only 20 percent of mesothelioma cases had a documented history of significant exposure to asbestos, although Selikoff (1977) reported that 7.2 percent of the asbestos workers (in the United States) had the disease. Newhouse and Berry (1979) contended that mesothelioma was often misdiagnosed and stressed the difficulty of reconstructing reliable data on dust levels, especially when the time elapsed since exposure is more than 20 years. 

The decision to approve a new drug is made by a national regulatory body (Food Drug Administration in the U.S.A., the Health Protection Branch Drugs Directorate in Canada, UK Europe, Australia) to which manufacturers are required to submit their appUca-tions. AppUcants must document by means of appropriate test data (from predinical and clinical trials) that the criteria of efficacy and safety have been met and that product forms (tablet, capsule, etc.) satisfy general standards of quality control. 

Canadian Agri-Food Research Council., (2003). An assessment of the opportunities and challenges of a biobased economy for agriculture and food research in Canada, http //www.agwest.sk.ca/bioproducts/documents/ OpportunitiesandChallengesofaBio-BasedEconomy.pdf... 

The use of honey in athletic nutrition is also documented. Lloyd Percival of Sports College in Canada, from the results of a four-year study, has no hesitation in recommending honey for athletes and those interested in maintaining a high level of energy.29 White lists a number of other sports30 wherein honey has been used with beneficial results. There are constant reports in the bee literature advo-... 

This volume of Advances in Chemical Physics is dedicated, by the contributors, to Moshe Shapiro, formerly Canada Research Chair in Quantum Control in the Department of Chemistry at the University of British Columbia and Jacques Mim-ran Professor of Chemical Physics at the Weizmann Institute, who passed away on December 3,2013. It focuses primarily on the interaction of light with molecules, one of Moshe s longstanding scientific loves. However, the wide scope of topics covered in this volume constitutes but a small part of Moshe s vast range of scientific interests, which are well documented in over 300 research publications and two books. 

In the Mallik L-38 (ca. 69°27 latitude, 134°40 longitude) well drilled in 1972, Bily and Dick (1974) provided one of the first permafrost hydrate descriptions, from a MacKenzie Delta well site on Richard s Island bordering the Beaufort Sea in Canada. In 1998 the JAPEX/JNOC/GSC 2L-38 well at the same site found core and well-log evidence for hydrates from 900 to 1100 m with in situ porosities of 35% and hydrate concentrations often in excess of 80% of the pore volume. The documentation of the 2L-38 well is provided in a compilation of 31 technical papers in GSC Bulletin 544 (Dallimore et al., 1999). 

Gulzari Malli has maintained his interest in ab initio relativistic quantum chemistry since he joined SFU in 1966. In fact, the earliest work in Canada on relativistic quantum chemistry appears to have been carried out in 1965 by Malli and Serafin Fraga at the University of Alberta. Their earliest results were documented in a compact book.249... 

Triazines were one of the first family of herbicides where weed resistance was widely recognized and documented in the literature. A simazine-resistant biotype of common groundsel was identified in Washington, United States, in 1968. Since then biotypes of at least 66 triazine-resistant weed species have been reported, mostly in the United States, Canada, and Europe (Heap, 2006). 

Test method standardization (TMS) calls for several actions that involve 1) preparation of a formal draft test method document for each bioassay intended for standardization, 2) a critical review by an expert subcommittee, 3) the preparation of a final draft test method, 4) an international peer review of each test method, 5) an inter-calibration exercise of the final draft test method, 6) finalization of each test method and 7) the formal publication of the toxicity test method document. Environment Canada (EC) has been particularly active in biological test method standardization and has thus far contributed 18 standardized aquatic and sediment... 

Aminocarb. Next to fenitrothion, aminocarb has been the insecticide used most extensively in forestry in Canada over the past decade. Application rates of up to 0.175 kg/ha have been found to have little or no impact on forest songbird populations or small mammal breeding activity, but do cause considerable knockdown of terrestrial arthropods, particularly at higher application rates (35, 36). Short-lived but fairly extensive honeybee mortality has been documented when aminocarb has been applied while active foraging was underway, but the overall colony vigor was not seriously effected (37 ). Aminocarb does not appear to cause bumble bee mortality at operational application rates, but does affect solitary bees ( 18). 

A ninth chapter, guest-authored by Carl A. Rockburne, a retired Canadian trade console and regulatory consultant, compares the FDA process with those in Canada, the European Union, Japan, and Australia, the four other major regulatory environments. Fie has included FDA documents describing the regulatory harmonization process in his chapter. 

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