Distribution of competences

The Federal Employment Agency (Bundesagentur fur Arbeit) as the unemployment insurance agency is responsible for UB I payment as well as for the implementation of active labour market policy laid down in the Third Book of the Social Code SGB III. The BA is a corporation under public law ( 367(1) SGB III). 

Whereas the institutions of the social insurance are in principle administered as federal corporations under public law (Art. 87(2) GG), the distribution of competence for basic income support of jobseekers (Grundsicherung) is less clear. It was disputed for a long time. The optional assignment of competence to the local authorities is the result of negotiations between the federal and the Lander governments. 

Basic income for needy jobseekers ensues from the concurrent legislative power in respect of public welfare under Art. 74(1) no. 7 GG. In the case of persons capable of working, this basic security for jobseekers supersedes both the public welfare benefit of unemployment assistance and that of social assistance. The uniform federal regulation is deemed necessary both for the establishment of equal living conditions and for the maintenance of legal and economic unity. 

The obligatory establishment of joint offices (ARGEs) under 44b SGB II is highly problematic from a constitutional point of view. In particular, the administrative districts (Landkreise) saw the joint administration with the BA as an infringement of their constitutional guarantee of the municipalities autonomous 

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One role of cyanobacterial allelochemicals may be to alter the motility and distribution of competing photoautotrophs. In a recent study, Kearns and Hunter (2001) examined the effects of toxic metabolites from the filamentous cyanobacterium A. flos-aquae on a unicellular phytoplankton species, Chlamydomonas rein-hardtii. A. flos-aquae synthesizes both microcystins as well as anatoxins, providing the authors with an ecologically relevant opportunity to assess the individual and combinatorial effects of these toxins on an alga. 

V Serra-Holm, T Salmi, P Maki-Arvela, L P Lindfors. Kinetics and product distribution of competing aldolization and elimination in a three.phase reactor. Catal Today 66 419-426,2001. 

The principle of subsidiarity, as laid down in Article 3B of the EC Treaty, is a general guideline for the action of the EU inter alia, in the field of the environment. It comprises two tests. First, it formally introduces an efficiency testinto the EC Treaty. Matters that can be dealt with better at the EU level should be regulated by the EU matters that are better dealt with by the Members States should be left to their competence. Secondly, it comprises the principle of proportionality. This principle adds to the efficiency consideration that matters which are dealt with at a European level should not regulate more than is strictly necessary. The efficiency and proportionality tests in Article 3B, if correctly used, allowfor an optimal differentiation of rules with an effective distribution of competencies between the EU and the Member States. 

Step 4 of the thermal treatment process (see Fig. 2) involves desorption, pyrolysis, and char formation. Much Hterature exists on the pyrolysis of coal (qv) and on different pyrolysis models for coal. These models are useful starting points for describing pyrolysis in kilns. For example, the devolatilization of coal is frequently modeled as competing chemical reactions (24). Another approach for modeling devolatilization uses a set of independent, first-order parallel reactions represented by a Gaussian distribution of activation energies (25). 

Heterogeneity Adsorbents and ion exchangers can be physically and chemically heterogeneous. Although exceptions exist, solutes generally compete for the same sites. Models for adsorbent heterogeneity have been developed for both discrete and continuous distributions of energies [Ross and Olivier, On Physical Adsorption, Interscience, New York, 1964 Jaroniec and Madey, Rudzinsld and Everett, gen. refs.]. 

First, the rates of carbonylation of secondary and tertiary alkyl carbonium ions can now be compared quantitatively with the known rates of competing intramolecular rearrangements of these ions. The product distribution in the Koch synthesis of carboxylic acids depends, amongst other things, on these relative rates. 

Gault and coworkers [ 149] have observed that the distribution of products obtained by hydrogenolysis and isomerization of methylcyclopentane was the same as those obtained with hexane. They proposed two competing mechanisms a selective mechanism implying an a, a, p, j0-tetra-adsorbed species and a non-selective mechanism implying coordinated olefin and bis-carbene intermediates (Scheme 38). 

When a number of competing reactions are involved in a process, and/or when the desired product is obtained at an intermediate stage of a reaction, it is important to keep the residence-time distribution in a reactor as narrow as possible. Usually, a broadening of the residence-time distribution results in a decrease in selectivity for the desired product. Hence, in addition to the pressure drop, the width of the residence-time distribution is an important figure characterizing the performance of a reactor. In order to estimate the axial dispersion in the fixed-bed reactor, the model of Doraiswamy and Sharma was used [117]. This model proposes a relationship between the dispersive Peclet number ... 

While the order parameters derived from the self-diffusion data provide quantitative estimates of the distribution of water among the competing chemical equilibria for the various pseudophase microstructures, the onset of electrical percolation, the onset of water self-diffusion increase, and the onset of surfactant self-diffusion increase provide experimental markers of the continuous transitions discussed here. The formation of irregular bicontinuous microstructures of low mean curvature occurs after the onset of conductivity increase and coincides with the onset of increase in surfactant self-diffusion. This onset of surfactant diffusion increase is not observed in the acrylamide-driven percolation. This combination of conductivity and self-diffusion yields the possibility of mapping pseudophase transitions within isotropic microemulsions domains. 

A second feature of the Y + CH3OH reaction that is common to many metal reactions is the presence of competing reaction channels, in this case YH2+H2CO and YOCH3+H. Time-of-flight spectra for both these products are shown in Fig. 11. The corresponding lab angular distributions and CM distributions used to fit the TOF spectra are shown in Fig. 12. 

As each larger sized species is formed, it competes simultaneously with the smaller-sized species for further reaction. There is a distribution of different sized molecules at any time — each species containing one functional group at each of its two chain ends. The average size of the molecules increases with conversion until eventually large polymer molecules are obtained. 

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