Distillate aromatic extract

Mostly, 75% of the extender oils are used in the tread, sub tread, and shoulder regions of a tire. About 10%-15% are used in the sidewall, 5% are used in the inner finer, and less than 10% are used in the remaining parts. A typical tire can contain up to 700 g of oil. All types of mineral oils should be handled and used with care, but special care is required in the handling of aromatic oils. High aromatic oils also referred to as distillate aromatic extracts (DAEs) or simply extracts have been traditionally used as extender oils for elastomeric applications [27]. Their popularity is explained by their good... 

FIGURE 37.5 General refining techniques for production of distillate aromatic extract (DAE), mild extraction solvate (MES), and treated distillate aromatic extract (TDAE). (From Joona, M., High-aromatic tire extender oils implications and future, ITEC, OH, 2004.)... 

CONCAWE (1994) The use of the dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) extract by the IP 346 method as an indicator of the carcinogenicity of lubricant base oils and distillate aromatic extracts. CONCAWE Report No. 94/51. 

Extender oil Highly aromatic, naphthenic, treated distillate aromatic extract (TDAE), mild extract solvate (MES)... 

Some aromatic oil substitutes called mild extract solvates (MES) are being evaluated as substitutes for aromatic oils that are banned. Another class of substitutions for aromatic oils in rubber is treated distillate aromatic extracts (T-DAE), which are also being considered. Relative costs of these possible substitutes will determine to what extent each type of oil will be used, compared to naphthenic oil. 

Dr. Swain Very little hydrocarbon material was present in the distilled acid extracts, but dried distillates showed small amounts of aromatic hydrocarbons that had distilled over in Soxhlet flasks. Much larger quantities of residual hydrocarbons were extracted with benzene from Devonian rocks of this area in an earlier study (7). 

Hubert et al. [101] state that accelerated solvent extraction compared to alternatives such as Soxhlet extraction, steam distillation, microwave extraction, ultrasonic extraction and, in some cases, supercritical fluid extraction is an exceptionally effective extraction technique. Hubert et al. [ 101 ] studied the effect of operating variables such as choice of solvent and temperature on the solvent extraction of a range of accelerated persistent organic pollutants in soil, including chlorobenzenes, HCH isomers, DDX, polychlorobiphenyl cogeners and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Temperatures ofbetween 20 and 180 °C were studied. The optimum extraction conditions use two extraction steps at 80 and 140 °C with static cycles (extraction time 35 minutes) using toluene as a solvent and at a pressure of 15 MPa. 

Separation of the C2 stream to produce high-purity ethylene and ethane requires a large tower, sometimes the largest one in the plant. Separation of the C3 stream to produce high-purity propylene and propane also requires a large tower, and in some plants it is the largest one. Separation of butadiene from the C4 stream, if performed, is usually accomplished by extractive distillation. Aromatics are frequently recovered and separated to obtain benzene, toluene, and xylenes, especially when heavy feedstocks are used. 

As a second alternative, we may assume that the first split ensures the recovery of the whole aromatics fraction. By inspecting Table 3.9 three separation methods may be envisaged 1) azeotropic distillation, 2) extractive distillation and 3) liquid-liquid extraction. They are commented briefly ... 

Figure 6. Left M1-FT1R spectrum (in nitrogen at 15 K) of one chromatographic peak system from the aromatic extract of SRC-1 that had been subjected to a steam distillation clean-up step. Right MI-FTIR spectrum of pure biphenyl (B). The comparison clearly indicates biphenyl to be one constituent of the SRC-I sample the other bands (U) have not been identified (28).

Aromatics extractive distillation (3) Ethylene oxide (3) Pyrolysis gasoline... 

Carom [Carbide aromatics extraction] A two-stage process for removing aromatic hydrocarbons from petroleum refining streams. In the first stage, the aromatics are removed by liquid-liquid extraction with a proprietary solvent (a mixture of polyalkylene glycols and a glycol ether) at ambient temperature. In the second stage, the aromatics are stripped from the solvent by steam distillation. Developed by Union Carbide Corporation first commercialized in 1986, and now licensed by UOP. Seven units had been licensed by 2002. 

A major portion of the world s BTX is made by naphtha reforming. The technology and economics of this route is well reported in petroleum refinery handbooks. Often this route uses extractive distillation to extract aromatics prior to distillation. Reforming operations are often integrated with ethylene cracking operations to maximise benzene production from reformate and pyrolysis gasoline. ... 

Other separation processes can become advantageous, when separation problems such as unfavorable separation factors (0.95 < aj2 <1.05) or azeotropic points occur. In these cases, a special distillation process (extractive distillation) may be used. Extraction processes do not depend on a difference of vapor pressure between the compounds to he separated hut on the relative magnitudes of the activity coefficients of the compounds. As a result, extraction processes are particularly useful in separating the different aromatic compounds (Cg to C[2) from the different aliphatic compounds (Cg to C12). Absorption processes are ideally suited for the removal of undesired compounds from gas streams, e.g., sour gases (HjS, COj) from natural gas. 

The MCS collected on a Cambridge smoke pad was spiked with internal standards and subjected to simultaneous distillation and extraction by placing it in the distillation flask with 250 mL of a 12% NaCl aqueous solution, while the extract flask contained 15 mL of CH2CI2. Total transfer of the analytes (PAH, PAA and phenols) to the organic solvent was attained after 5 h boiling. The organic extract could be subjected to silylation for the phenols and amidation with heptafluorobutyric anhydride (Section III.B.l) for the aromatic amines, before end analysis by GC-MS112. 

Physical processes (see chapter 2) for isolation of natural flavouring substances include distillation, solvent extraction (including supercritical carbon dioxide), and chromatography. Major sources are essential oils. These may be derived from various parts of aromatic plants such as fruits (e.g. citms, fennel), fmit parts (e.g. mace), flowers (e.g. safflower), flower parts (e.g. saffron), flower buds (e.g. clove), bulbs (e.g. onion), barks (e.g. cinnamon), leaves (e.g. basil), leaves and twigs (e.g. mandarin petitgrain), rhizomes (e.g. ginger), roots (e.g. angelica), and seeds (e.g. mustard). 

Distilled BFj OEt (2.5 mL, 2.8 g, 20 mmol) was added dropwise to a mixture, which consisted of amalgamated zinc (13 g, 0.20 mol) and distilled aromatic aldehyde (0.02 mol) in alkene (0.2 mol), and which was vigorously stirred at rt in a round-bottom flask under Nj. If the BF3 OEt2 was added too quickly, the temperature increased so much that coohng was necessary. The mixture was stirred at rt for 24 h and was subsequently poured into sat. aq NaHCOj. The product was extracted with EtjO and the zinc precipitate was washed several times with EtjO. The extracts were combined, washed with H2O and sat. aq brine, and dried (MgS04). Usual workup gave a crude product, which was analyzed by GC before the product was isolated by distillation under vacuum. A number of cyclopropanes were prepared following this procedure. The results are summarized in the table above. 

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