Disintegration phenomena

There are various further attempts to model the complex flow and drop-disintegration phenomena for drop size calculation. However, it has... 

The drops exhibit no disintegration phenomena in a D.C. electric field. 

If one introduces a coacervated system, consisting of coacervate drops suspended in their equilibrium liquid, into a d.c. electric field three phenomena can be observed simultaneously 1. electrophoresis 2. deformation 3. disintegration phenomena... 

The deformation of coacervate drops also occurring in a d.c. field, can be observed undisturbed in an ax. field (for example of frequency 50) since electrophoresis and disintegration phenomena are hereby excluded. 

A simple explanation of these disintegration phenomena is obtained by assuming that the two colloid components in the complex coacervate are not really bound into a rigid salt but that the gelatin cations and the arabinate anions are displaceable in an electric field. The gelatin cations will move in the direction of the cathode, the arabinate anions in the direction of the anode. If further we assume that these colloid... 

The interpenetration of the clews need also not be in conflict with the ready suppressibility of coacervates by salts since this penetration only happens with the loops of the macromolecule and an unrestorable entanglement of them need not also be the consequence. Indeed the disintegration phenomena (p. 347-349) out of which the relative displaceability of gelatin and gum arabic appears, points also in that direction. In addition we have to assume that as a result of the heat motion these loops continuously change place and shape. So it becomes understandable that the complex coacervate, although fairly viscous, nevertheless behaves as a Newtonian liquid. 

The similarity also appears to continue in all kinds of other properties. Thus the coacervate drops obtained from gum arabic and hexol nitrate placed in an electric field also exhibit the deformation and disintegration phenomena previously discussed (see p. 347-348) and as concerns the latter these are with positively charged drops again the minor image of those with negatively charged drops. 

Here also there are again the same indications of the dicomplex nature (coacervation or flocculation ranges with a reversal of charge point lying within them, suppression by added neutral salts, valency rules, disintegration phenomena in a d.c. electric field)... 

With sufficiently large coacervate drops the deformation and disintegration phenomena in an electric field could be observed in their typical forms. 

The complex nature is also seen from the presence of disintegration phenomena of the coacervate drops. 

A further peculiarity of these phosphatide coacervates is that the disintegration phenomena are of an abnormal type, although this is again with positive drops the mirror image of that of negative ones (see Ch. XI 6b p. 479). 

At first sight 2. appears to be preferable because then the liquid nature of the coacervate and the free relative displacement of the colloids in an electric field (disintegration phenomena) are explained without further argument. 

In Chapter X we have already discussed electrophoresis (a), the Buchner effect (J) and points (d) and (e). The phenomena c precede in time somewhat d and e, and as c is of great interest for the interpretation of the disintegration phenomena ... 

It should be noted that radioactive contaminants are not to be compared with their stable chemical counterparts. For example, because of the unchangeable character of the nuclear disintegration phenomenon, the natural purification processes which restore chemical and biological balances in the environments of living" things, would have no effect on the radio-toxic properties of the radioactive elements. The time required for accumulations of strontium-90 to decay to background levels, would... 

Graphite will creep imder neutron irradiation and stress at temperatures where thermal creep is normally negligible. The phenomenon of irradiation creep has been widely studied because of its significance to the operation of graphite moderated fission reactors. Indeed, if irradiation induced stresses in graphite moderators could not relax via radiation creep, rapid core disintegration would result. The observed creep strain has traditionally been separated into a primary reversible component ( ,) and a secondary irreversible component (Ej), both proportional to stress and to the appropriate unirradiated elastic compliance (inverse modulus) [69]. The total irradiation-induced creep strain (ej is thus ... 

Zersetzungs-destilUtion, /. destructive distillation. -erschemung, /, phenomenon of decomposition or disintegration, -erzeugnis, /. decomposition product. 

Addition of such a complexing agent increases the total number of species present in the solution, affecting thus its viscosity — a phenomenon allowing one to determine the degree of disintegration. The concentration of P as a function of [S] and ofc — the total concentration of the polymers in whatever form, is determined by the stoichiometric equation ... 

Efflorescence. The solvent properties of water also causes efflorescence, a phenomenon whereby soluble or slightly soluble substances migrate from the interior of porous solids to the surface, where they precipitate. Efflorescence is an important factor in the decay and disintegration of many rocks, and of human-made porous materials such as ceramics, and even of some types of glass. On archaeological objects, efflorescence generally occurs mostly as a white, powdery, but sometimes consolidated accretion on the surface of the objects. Calcite, a form of calcium carbonate, is one of the most common substances to effloresce on archaeological ceramics. 

Infusion of fat into the ileum has been shown to cause a lengthening of the SITT—a phenomenon known as the ileal brake (27,28). However, the effect is generally modest (causing a delay of 30-60 min) and attempts to exploit this mechanism in drug delivery have had limited success. Dobson et al. (29,30) studied the effect of co-administered oleic acid on the small intestinal transit of non-disintegrating tablets. They showed a delay in SITT in over half of all cases, and a doubling of SITT in some instances, but in the other cases SITT was either unaffected or even reduced. Lin et al. (31) have also showed slowed GI transit in patients with chronic diarrhea by administration of emulsions containing 0, 1.6, and 3.2 g of oleic acid. Small intestinal transit in normal subjects was measured at 102 11 min, while the transit times in the patients treated with the three emulsions were, respectively, 29 3, 57 5 and 83 5 min. 

Many cells, especially bacteria, yeast, etc., require very drastic measures to disrupt them and various cell disintegrators are available for this purpose. Ultrasonic vibrations cause the formation of minute bubbles, a phenomenon known as cavitation, which is caused by the extreme variations in pressure generated by the sound waves, although the generation of heat may cause problems unless the samples are cooled frequently during the treatment. An additional... 

Although the non-heated tablets did not disintegrate, they did partially split on their horizontal axis after a few minutes in the dissolution medium. In contrast, the thermally treated tablets remained totally intact. This splitting phenomenon of the non-thermally treated tablets increased the surface area of the tablet which could contribute to the more rapid dissolution rate of drug as compared with the thermally treated tablets. The tablet formulation also contains 60%... 

We have seen earlier in this chapter how the self-assembly of casein systems is sensitively affected by temperature. Another thermodynamic variable that can affect protein-protein interactions in aqueous media is the hydrostatic pressure. Static high-pressure treatment causes the disintegration of casein micelles due to the dismption of internal hydro-phobic interactions and the dissociation of colloidal calcium phosphate. This phenomenon has been used to modify the gelation ability of casein without acidification as a consequence of exposure of hydrophobic parts of the casein molecules into the aqueous medium from the interior of the native casein micelles (Dickinson, 2006). High-pressure treatment leads to a reduction in the casein concentration required for gelation under neutral conditions, especially in the presence of cosolutes such as sucrose (Abbasi and Dickinson, 2001, 2002, 2004 Keenan et al., 2001). 

The pressure can sharply facilitate the penetration of the corrosive into the depth of the eye. By a physical phenomenon, the pressure entails a mechanical disintegration of the tissues. This will aggravate all the lesions. 

Measurement of radioactiviry, as an analytical tool became possible after the discoveries of A.H.Becquerel(uranium radiation 1896), Pi re Marie Curie (polonium radium in 1898), Sir E. Rutherford (identification of Becquerel rays as consisting of alpha-, beta and gamma-particles) and of F.Soddy(phenomenon of nuclear disintegration, in 1902)... 

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