Dishwashing detergents for

Shi, J., S. M. Scheper, M. Sivik, G. Joran, B. Jean-Francois, and S. X. Song, Dishwashing detergents for household applications, in7/andhool o/DefergenM, Part D. Formulation, Ed., M. Showell, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2006, Chap. 4. 

Sodium peroxoborate hexahydrate is an important ingredient of many household detergents, working best at temperatures above 60°C. It is also used in dishwasher detergents, denture cleaners, as well as foot and bath salts. The textile industry generally uses hydrogen peroxide for bleaching, but there are a few areas in which sodium peroxoborate hexahydrate is preferred. 

About 264,000 metric tons of elemental capacity is available in North America, plus another 79,000 t (P equivalent) of purified wet phosphoric acid (14). About 85% of the elemental P is burned to P2 5 hydrated to phosphoric acid. Part of the acid (ca 21%) is used direcdy, but the biggest part is converted to phosphate compounds. Sodium phosphates account for 47% calcium, potassium, and ammonium phosphates account for 17%. Pinal apphcations include home laundry and automatic dishwasher detergents, industrial and institutional cleaners, food and beverages, metal cleaning and treatment, potable water and wastewater treatment, antifree2e, and electronics. The purified wet acid serves the same markets. 

Economic Aspects. Sodium hypochlorite—trisodium phosphate complex was commercialized in 1930. Chlorinated TSP is manufactured by Stauffer (a subsidiary of Rhc ne-Poulenc, Inc.). The consumption, steadily decreasing since 1980, dropped sharply in 1985 because of reduced use in dishwasher detergents. The estimated demand in 1987 was 37,360 t (220). In 1988 it sold for 0.32/lb ( 0.70/kg) for tmddoad quantities of 660 kg (300-lb) dmms. 

Appllca.tlons. The principal uses are in scouring cleansers and acid metal cleaners for dairy equipment. Use in dishwasher detergents has been supplanted by chlorinated isocyanurates, which are more cost-effective, more stable in hot water, and possess water softening properties. 

Other Clay Uses. Other appHcations for clays include use as a suspending agent, eg, montmorillonite and attapulgite in Hquid fertilizers and dishwasher detergents in pharmaceuticals (qv), eg, kaoHnite and attapulgite for diarrhea control in cosmetics, montmorillonite and attapulgite and in water impedence where bentonite linings are used for reservoirs and waste disposal areas. 

Phospha.tes, Pentasodium triphosphate [7758-29-4] sodium tripolyphosphate, STPP, Na P O Q, is the most widely used and most effective builder in heavy-duty fabric washing compositions (see also Phosphoric acid and phosphates). It is a strong sequestrant for calcium and magnesium, with a p c of ca 6, and provides exceUent suspending action for soils. Because of its high sequestration power, it also finds extensive appHcation in automatic-dishwashing detergents. Sodium tripolyphosphate forms stable hydrates and thus aids in the manufacture of crisp spray-dried laundry powders. 

Due to their favorable solubility, alkanesulfonates are preferred as surfactants in liquid products and concentrates. The recent trend to renewable resources has led to a somewhat reduced use in formulations of household detergents in past years. While some manufacturers have withdrawn these surfactants from, for example, manual dishwashing detergents, others did not. Besides many other industrial applications, alkanesulfonates are one of the most important emulsifiers in vinyl polymerization. 

Cutinase is a hydrolytic enzyme that degrades cutin, the cuticular polymer of higher plants [4], Unlike the oflier lipolytic enzymes, such lipases and esterases, cutinase does not require interfacial activation for substrate binding and activity. Cutinases have been largely exploited for esterification and transesterification in chemical synthesis [5] and have also been applied in laundry or dishwashing detergent [6]. 

The knowledge of physico-chemical parameters like surface tension, conductivity, turbidity and the pH of the washing liquor is important for the improvement of existing washing and dishwashing detergent formulations further development of new alternatives. Today s advanced physico-chemical and analytical methods make... 

Use builders with pKCa > 5 with minimum molecular weight for liquid automatic dishwasher detergents. In general, the order of preference is substituted malonate > malonate > succinate > acetate > propionate [20]. 

STPP is used primarily as a builder for detergents, including dishwashing detergents (45%) and industrial and institutional detergents (31%). It also has food uses (13%). Up to 1988 it was in the top 50 chemicals because of its powerful ability to sequester dipositive ions in hard water, but it causes eutrophication of lakes and has been replaced in most detergents by other compounds. 

They have high foam for shampoos and are kind to the skin. They are also used in light duty products such as dishwashing detergents. It is the least sensitive of the anionics to water hardness and therefore has benefited in the trend away from phosphates. They have 25% of the production for the major household surfactant market. 

Starting Formulations for Home Machine Dishwashing Detergents B 7% Phosphorous(A)... 

Liquid detergents based on Pilot Calsoft, Cal suds and Calfoam surfactants produce safe, effective suds with excellent grease-cutting properties for hand dishwashing. Detergents containing Calamide C are especially mild to sensitive skin. 

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