Dishwashing detergents, application

Automatic dishwashing detergent Application + - Stable to alkali, peroxides (air)... 

Due to their favorable solubility, alkanesulfonates are preferred as surfactants in liquid products and concentrates. The recent trend to renewable resources has led to a somewhat reduced use in formulations of household detergents in past years. While some manufacturers have withdrawn these surfactants from, for example, manual dishwashing detergents, others did not. Besides many other industrial applications, alkanesulfonates are one of the most important emulsifiers in vinyl polymerization. 

Sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate is undoubtedly the anionic surfactant used in the greatest amount because it is the basic component in almost all laundry and dishwashing detergents in powder and liquid forms. However, alcohol and alcohol ether sulfates are the more versatile anionic surfactants because their properties vary, with the alkyl chain, with the number of moles of ethylene oxide added to the base alcohol and with the cation. Consequently, alcohol and alcohol ether sulfates are used in almost all scientific, consumer, and industrial applications. 

Application Use 3-5 g/1 water (depending on water hardness) Dishwashing Detergent, Powdered, Spray Mixing Process-B... 

Nonionic surfactants are also used in substantial amounts in laundry detergents and in automatic dishwashing detergents, both applications reflecting in particular their generally lower sudsing characteristics than the anionics. Commercially important examples uf the nonionics include the alkyl ethoxylates, the ethoxylated alkyl phenols, the fatly acid ethanol amides, and complex polymers of ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, and alcohols. 

Impact refers to the efficacy of a perfume during the first moments of product experience, for examp when sniffing at the bottle or applying the product to the skin. Diffusion is a measure of the distance over which the fragrance is noticeable soon after application. High diffusion is desirable, for example the case of a bath foam or a dishwashing detergent where the consumer often looks for an immediate burst of scent. 

Next to volatility and water solubility, two additional parameters of odorants greatly affect their performance in application inherent odor strength and odor volume. They are not included in Table 13.4 because they are nearly always desirable. Odor volume may be more or less relevant in different applications, but it is hardly ever undesirable (except in the residual odor of dishwashing detergents) inherent odor strength may be considered to be the basic measure of an odorant s value in terms of intensity. They were not included in Table 13.4 also because few reliable data have been published regarding either of them. Since they depend on the reproducible measurement of human responses, their determination is laborious and fraught with pitfalls. 

EO/PO block copolymers represent an important class of surfactants because of their low-foaming characteristics. They are used in machine dishwashing detergents, as well as a variety of specialty applications that require low- or no-foaming surfactants. They find application as rinse aids, solubilizers for fragrances, and as thickeners and gelling agents. 

As mentioned in Chapter 1, there can be thousands of molecules with polar heads and nonpolar tails, usable as surfactants. The applications are also many. Thus, the commercial anionic surfactants, recording about 50% of all surfactant production, are literally used all over the place shampoos, dishwashing detergents and washing powders are some common examples. Cationic surfactants likewise are used in hair-conditioners, fabric softeners, asphalt coating, corrosion inhibitor formulations for metal surfaces etc. The major applications of non-ionic surfactants are in the areas of food and drinks, as also pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Amphoteric /zwitterionic surfactants have only limited applications one area is cosmetics, especially skin care products. 

Liquid enzyme products have various applications such as additives in dishwasher detergents and animal feed (PPLA, post-pelleting liquid application). The formulation of enzymes in liquid form can be challenging as the liquid forms are more dynamic systems compared to solids because of the presence of water, and for this reason additional stabilizing agents are required in liquid formulations. 

The main application of hand dishwashing detergents is to wash dishes by hand. Liquid products can also be used for washing cars, fine laundry, kitchen countertops, and hands. Consumer habits and typical washing procedures vary widely with hand dishwashing. Some of the variables are amount of product used, water temperature, water hardness, use of implements, type of soil, dish surface properties, and time. 

In the past 10 years there have been a number of reviews that describe automatic dishwashing detergent formulations and their ingredients. " "" " Shi et al. provide a summary of ADD compositions, applications, and patent activity for the period from 1990 to 2004. In this section, some of the information presented already will be revisited, but the bulk of this review is dedicated to... 

Shi, J., S. M. Scheper, M. Sivik, G. Joran, B. Jean-Francois, and S. X. Song, Dishwashing detergents for household applications, in7/andhool o/DefergenM, Part D. Formulation, Ed., M. Showell, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2006, Chap. 4. 

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