Disease biomarkers, detection

Detection of disease biomarkers Detection of hormones Disease diagnostics ... 

Much of the discussion about disease biomarkers is in the context of markers that measure some aspect of disease status, extent, or activity. Such biomarkers are often proposed for use in early detection of disease or as a surrogate endpoint for evaluating prevention or therapeutic interventions. The validation of such biomarkers is difficult for a variety of reasons, but particularly because the molecular pathogenesis of many diseases is incompletely understood, and hence it is not possible to establish the biological relevance of a measure of disease status. 

Biomarkers of response, also referred to as biomarkers of effect or disease, measure an event resulting from a toxic interaction, which is predictive of an adverse health effect or is an adverse health effect. The development of biomarkers of effect and their use in studies have many public health applications, including providing information of the etiology of disease, early detection of disease (screening), and evaluating the efficiency of therapeutic agents. Biomarkers of effect also are useful in... 

In the following section, we review the state of the art in applications of SPR biosensor technology for detection of disease biomarkers such as antigens and antibodies related to cancer, heart attack, and other diseases. Review of SPR applications in the field of hormone detection and monitoring of drug serum levels is also reported. 

Recently, we have witnessed an increasing effort to exploit SPR biosensor technology for medical diagnostics. Detection of a variety of disease biomarkers, hormones, and drugs at clinically relevant levels has been demonstrated. Although many of these detection experiments were performed in pure model samples with minimal or no matrix interferences, clinical samples have also been tackled. Table 1. 

Figure 10.6 Schematic representation of the biosensor proposed by Neves and co-workers for multiplexed detection of celiac disease biomarkers. Reprinted with permission from Neves M, Gonzalez-Garcia MB, Delerue-Matos C, Costa-Garcia A. Multiplexed electrochemical inununosensor for detection of celiac disease serological markers. Sensors and Actuators B-Chemical 2013 187 33-9, 2013, Elsevier, BV.

Luo X, Davis JJ. Electrical biosensors and the label free detection of protein disease biomarkers. Chemical Society Reviews 2013 42 5944-62. http //dx.doi.org/ 10.1039/c3cs60077g. 

Yang, M., Yi, X., Wang, J., Zhou, J., 2014. Electroanalytical and surfece plasmon resonance sensors for detection of breast cancer and alzheimer s disease biomarkers in cells and body fluids. Analyst 139, 1814-1825. 

TOF/MS and QqTOF/MS analyzers remain the first choice in terms of detection for gathering the maximal information from a high-throughput run because of their excellent mass resolution and accuracy. It is also of note that an LTQ-Orbitrap coupled to an UHPLC was used for the successful metabolomic profiling of serum (103). In this study, the assessment of the disease biomarkers from complex samples was more easily confirmed because the mass resolution was as high as 30,000 at FWHM and the mass accuracy was as low as 2 ppm. 

However, cytotoxicity still remains the serious problem. Chen et al. [234] have studied the cytotoxicity of CdTe/CdS (core-shell) as well as CdTe/CdS/ZnS (core-shell-shell) structured aqueous synthesized QDs, and their results suggest that the cytotoxicity of CdTe QDs not only comes from the release of Cd ions but also intracellular distribution of QDs in cells and the associated nanoscale effects [235], Recently, clinical applications of QDs have been reviewed [233], The application areas include (1) biomarker detection in various cancers, (2) imaging and sensing of infectious diseases, and (3) other clinical therapeutic applications. QDs with intense and stable fluorescent properties could enable the detection of tens to hundreds of cancer biomarkers in blood assays, on cancer tissue biopsies, or as contrast agents for medical imaging. 

---