Discussion of the Different Approaches

In addition to the attachment of a variety of different bases to the material structure, it is also possible to control the environment surrounding the basic center. Grafted MTS materials can be silylated to cap the silanols. This prevents the SiOH function hydrogen-bonding with the basic center, reducing its activity, and modifying the transport properties of the system to enable adsorption and desorption to occur more readily. 

The MTS materials also result in higher loadings than the traditional silica supports. This, and the fact that grafting occurs on hydrophobic patches on the surface, means that relatively high local concentrations of basic sites are likely to be formed on these patches. 

A series of supported-base catalysts has been prepared in recent years, by utilizing the rapid progress made in the construction of mesoporous silicas with unprecedented levels of stnictural control. These materials have been evaluated in a series of base-catalyzed reactions, with impressive results. The variety of different basic structures, and the number of support types and methods available to combine the two components will enable further progress to be made. The constant advances seen in materials chemistry, and continued efforts in synthetic applications, will no doubt lead to many more applications in future. 

F Di Renzo, B. Chiche, F. Fajula, S. Viale and E. Garrone, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal.. 101 (1996) 851. 

---

Immunoassays based on phase-modulation spectroscopy have been implemented by two distinctly different approaches. Phase-resolved immunoassays rely on fluorescence intensity measurements, in which the emission of one fluorescent species in a mixture is suppressed, and the remainder is quantitated. Phase fluorescence immunoassays utilize measurements of the phase angle and modulation, which change in response to fluorescence lifetime changes. Common aspects of the theory and instrumentation are discussed in this section, followed by individual discussions of the different approaches. 

The functional approach to products and processes, sometimes known as product design , or more specifically for this book green product design , has also been used as a basis for discussion of the different metrics approaches that stimulate R D and implementation of new concepts. 

Unlike the perfect foresight approach used in most energy system models. For a discussion of the different methodological approaches of energy system models see Enzensberger (2003). 

Mathematical Description of PLS and PCR In this section, the PCR algorithm is described as a two-step procedure of PCA followed by MLR. Although in practice the steps are combined, we feel tliis is tlie most intuitive approach to understanding the algorithm. This description of PCR is followed by a brief discussion of the differences between PLS and PCR. 

This chapter discusses the GI physiology that defines the limits of gastric retentive technology and a more detailed analysis of the different approaches to design gastric retentive drug delivery systems. 

Similar considerations apply to the discussions of approaches to risk management in Section 3.3. Readers who are knowledgeable about principles of radiation protection may not be familiar with the different approach to health protection used for hazardous chemicals, and vice versa, and an understanding and resolution of the different approaches to risk management is important in developing a comprehensive and risk-based waste classification system. 

In this book, the main focus is on the application of quantum-mechanical methods to elucidate the geometric and electronic structures of minerals, so that detailed discussion of the relative merits of the different approaches is not appropriate. Nonetheless, it is important for the reader to appreciate some of the major controversies that have arisen between theoreticians in the field. 

A few comparisons between experimental measurements and model predictions are reported to show the reliability of the different models, to investigate the relative reactivity of the different polymers and, finally, to allow a brief discussion of the different numerical approaches. 

The evaluation of matrix elements of the 5-matrix that define the amplitudes of the different processes is the traditional problem of free-electron QED. However the extension of this traditional scheme to bound electrons faces serious difficulties. In particular, these difficulties arise even for the simplest problem of quantum mechanics evaluation of the energy shift due to the interaction between the particles. The reason is that the interaction in this case is present at all time moments, including t = oo. The discussion of the special approach helping to avoid this difficulty we delay until Section III. 

Protein flexibility as the second major challenge is discussed in two separate chapters. The first is dedicated primarily to the algorithmic description of the methods available for handling protein flexibility, based on a new classification of the different approaches. The second chapter focuses on their application in high-throughput docking and virtual screening. As these chapters illustrate, a multitude of different approaches are already available for at least partial consideration of protein... 

Finally, a panel discussion was convened where the relative merits of the different approaches to visual prosthetics were debated. The session ended with a general consensus that visual prostheses are technically feasible and that chronically implanted devices and clinical testing are a necessary next step to assess efficacy. 

In this chapter we discuss the implications and the results of the different approaches for the improvement of tropane alkaloids production in order to replace the isolation from the natural source. 

The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, the fault tree associated with the studied SBLC system is presented. In Section 3, the Bayesian and possibilistic approaches to fault tree analysis are briefly reviewed, and details on the hybrid approach are provided. In Section 4, the results of the application of the different approaches to the case study of Section 2 are presented, setting the stage for the discussion in Section 5. Section 6 concludes the work. 

The results shown in Figure 2 and Table 2 are in need of an interpretation in order to provide a proper understanding of the information conveyed. In this Section, we first clarify the interpretations of the results of the different approaches, and then we discuss the use of the different approaches in relation to the specific fault tree considered. 

The rmcertainty descriptions for the top event and top event probability (chance) presented in the previous subsection follow from the calculus that applies to each approach. It then remains to provide interpretations, as has been done in the previous subsection. In this subsection we discuss the use/appropriateness of the different approaches to analyze the fault tree for the SBLC system described in Section 2. 

---